Dr. King s Letter From Birmingham Jail - 1342 Words

Dr. King Lays the Clergymen’s Anxiety to Rest Dr. Martin Luther King addressed many topics in, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. He answered all the issues that were aimed towards him in a very skillful and well thought out manner. These issues came from, â€Å"A Call For Unity†, which was a letter that was published by eight local clergymen expressing their feelings about what Dr. King was doing. One concern in particular that King did an outstanding job of confronting was that of the clergymen’s anxiety about him breaking the law. King addresses the question of, â€Å"How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?† by clarifying that there are just and unjust laws. He also goes on to explain the difference between the two, the effect of unjust laws on the people that they are aimed towards, as well as examples of such laws. Furthermore, he explains why they should be broken and gives examples of when they’ve been broken in the past with the usage of civil disobedience. First, Dr. King clears up any idea that he’s just someone who has broken the law for no reason. He does this by saying; â€Å"I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.† (Para 15) This statement tells us that Dr. King is simply adhering to his moral responsibility by doing as he’s supposed to. He knows that following a law that is not fair makes no sense, and itShow MoreRelatedDr. King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1667 Words   |  7 Pagesyear of 1963, when racial discrimination was evident in the community, Dr. King delivered two of his most noted works called the â€Å"I have a Dream† speech and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† to the public. These two pieces, quickly following each other in succession, were literary works of Dr. King devoted to the cause of racial equality and used eclectic devices and a ppeals to achieve that goal. King’s purpose bolstered in his â€Å"Letter† and â€Å"Dream† speech by key rhetorical devices are supported by audienceRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1428 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 16, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote what has become known as the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† A long document, it was addressed to Birmingham’s local clergymen because they had been critical of his work and ideas. Dr. King believed their criticism was in good faith, and pointed out that he was in Birmingham because he had been invited by the local affiliate of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, showing the religious commonalities between himself and the clergymen. HoweverRead MoreAntigone And Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1233 Words   |  5 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jailâ⠂¬ , Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreAn Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Letter from a Birmingham Jail was written by Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. in April of 1963, as he sat, as the title states, in a Birmingham, Alabama jail. King had been jailed for his participation in a peaceful protest of segregation in public places such as lunch counters and public restrooms (Berkley, 2003). While jailed, King read a criticism of the protest by a group of white ministers, who felt such demonstrations â€Å"directed and in part led by outsiders† were â€Å"unwise and untimely†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.976 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. wrote numerous speeches in efforts to inspire the idea of non-violent protesting in hopes of eventually reaching racial equality. Under what conditions can a man with seemingly no connection to a local community step in and assume the mantle of leadership as a spokesman for a segment of that community’s population? In all of the speeches, one way or another , Dr. King used several different rhetorical devices in order to defend his own actions. In specific, two of his speechesRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis1617 Words   |  7 Pages1960’s faced solely due to the melanin in their skin (King 2). Among these African Americans was the reverend, doctor, humanist, husband, and Civil Rights activist, Mr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King was a middle class, black man with a life-long devotion of implementing ethnic equality to African Americans nationwide. Following one of Rev. King’s peaceful protests in Birmingham, Alabama, he was jailed on accounts of â€Å"parading without a permit† (King 3). While in jail, Martin Luther King, JrRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail972 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Letter from a Birmingham Jail Racism is part of America’s history. Historical leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. brought the Injustice problems to the light. King, Jr. â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail confronts racism in the United States of America through his response letter to the clergymen criticism, while he is in jail due to holding a protest in Birmingham, Alabama. King, Jr. wrote â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† to defend the non-violent protest. He claims that the protestRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents were part of

The Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant - 2809 Words

Over the past few years the world has witnessed the rapid emergence of one of the most dangerous and violent terrorist organizations in history. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, better known as ISIL or ISIS and formerly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq, is an Islamic extremist group that has caught the attention of the world because of the swift and ferocious way that the group has been able to seize large portions of Iraq and Syria. ISIS has displayed such brutality in its attacks, with mass executions, beheadings, and crucifixions becoming the norm, that even Osama bin Laden, the now deceased founder of the infamous militant Islamic organization, al-Qaeda, eventually chose to dissociate from them (Saletan, 2014). Although the Middle East is no stranger to religious extremism and political unrest, the ferocity and speed at which ISIS was able to gain control is unprecedented. As the atrocities of the group’s rampage through Iraq and Syria came to light, the world was left s cratching its head wondering how ISIS was so quickly able to gain power and control over such a large territory. The answer lies in a look back at the poor decisions made by the Bush Administration after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It was the desire of the United States to withdraw from Iraq too quickly, their appointment of inept leadership, and a series of careless decisions that allowed ISIS to take advantage of an unstable government left behind by the United States after the Iraq War. On MarchShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1656 Words   |  7 Pagesterrible acts since then. ISIS was originally an al-Qaida group in Iraq and was known as the ISI (Islamic State of Iraq). It later expanded to Syria in April of 2013 and then received the name of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), with another name for the group being the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIS was removed from the al-Qaida group because they were too extreme for them. â€Å"The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) is so hardline that it was disavowed by al-Qaida s leaderRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1894 Words   |  8 Pagesoldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.† Choosing the topic of ISIS/ISIL, which are the Islamic State of Iraq Syria / the Islamic State of Iraq the Levant, was an easy choice because in truth, I know very little about the terrorist groups within these Islamic States. I, along with seventy percent of Americans, fear the rise of the IS and would consider them the number one threat to American interests (Telhami). Through furtherRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1782 Words   |  8 PagesIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Terrorism, what is it and is this a new phenomenon? No, terrorism is not a new 21st century issue. Terrorism actually dates back to biblical times and has haunted nations and their citizens much like it has here in the United States of America. The history of terrorism is as old as humans willingness to use violence to affect politics. The Sicarii were a first century Jewish group who murdered enemies and collaborators in their campaign to oust their RomanRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1439 Words   |  6 PagesISIS is known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and was formed in 1999 by member Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. ISIS was originally from al-Qaeda, another terrorist group, but this group mainly was a small insurgent group in Iraq in 2006 and would help assist in the Syrian Civil War in 2013. They took Iraq in October 2006, then Levant in April 8, 2013; however, they would then be separated from al-Qaeda because of the war between ISIS and Jabhat al Nus ra. In 2015, ISIS would then be considered asRead MoreAn Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant851 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the Isalamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Its goal is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. ISIS is notoriously known for holding public executions and committing large-scale attacks to capture and maintain conquered territory. The leader is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, but little is known about him. However, it is known that before he joined Al Qaeda in Iraq, he had formed a militant group in Salaheddin and Diyala provinces north of the Iraq capital. Al-Baghdadi wantedRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1714 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Despite anti-terrorism efforts, known terror groups continue to conduct terror attacks globally. Of the known terrorist organizations that are listed by the U.S. Department of State, the one most likely to conduct an attack in the United States would be the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and Islamic State (IS) otherwise known as ISIS. Due to the complex capabilities of ISIS ideology, leadership, and distinct global threat; ISIS has become the greatest known threat to the U.S. HomelandRead MoreThe Group Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant927 Words   |  4 PagesThe group Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) is a jihadist group predominantly active in the Middle Eastern countries of Iraq and Syria. In addition, the (ISIL) group is also attempting to gain authority over other countries in the neighboring region of Turkey, Jordan, Israel, and Iran. The Islamic State of Iraq and Levant’s expansion is fueled by political aspirations legitimized through fundamentalist Sunni views of religion. They claim that they are a religious movement that will establishRead MoreInformative Essay : Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant1131 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Essay on Islamic State Introduction Islamic state of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) also rendered as Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also known as the Arabic phrase Da’esh and self-described as Islamic State was formed in April 2003 but was established in 2006, growing out of al- Qaeda in Iraq. It has since been abjured by al- Qaeda. Isis has a treasury of 2 billion making it the richest terrorist organization also it has become one of the main jihadist groups fighting government forcesRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And The Levant Red Cell Analysis1685 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Red Cell Analysis The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has single handedly furthered the evolution of terrorism. This is a new type of terrorism that is not easily defined or visible. The Islamic States new form of terrorism has developed social unrest across the world and has undoubtedly inspired a new generation of extreme Islamic sympathizers to join the their cause and fight to accomplish their agenda of cultural cleansing. In order to repel the IslamicRead MoreAre We At War With Terrorists?833 Words   |  4 Pages Are we at war with terrorists? What about the â€Å"Global War on Terrorism†? That sure was a catch phrase in the early 2000s. Don’t we currently have troops in Iraq and Syria? Aren’t we at war with ISIL? All of the answers to these questions are very complicated. We are not currently, legally, at war with ISIL. But why aren’t we? I thought we were dropping tens of thousands of bombs on Raqqa? On September 18th, 2001, Congress enacted the â€Å"AUMF†, Authorization for the use of Military Force.

Behind Management In Enterprise Business -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Behind Management In Enterprise Business? Answer: Introduction Logistics is a challenging field where key considerations have to be made in order to achieve the best results and meet objectives, especially in aid related logistics, usually in developing nations where transport and communications systems, and general systems are not efficient compared to the developed World (Ivanov, Tsipoulanidis and Scho?nberger, 2016). In this paper, a case of DAP fertilizer procurement and delivery in Kenya and Rwanda regions for the 2018 seasons is being analyzed. The goal is to deliver 2100 metric tons to Rwanda by January 7 2018 and 3500 metric tons to Kenya by December 15 2017. All fertilizers are packaged in 50 kg bags. The objective is to make a price comparison between prospective suppliers as well as their payment terms and marketing a clear recommendation on the best supplier to use. Another objective is to create a suitable schedule (weekly) of activities for the project in the context of the procurement and delivery of the fertilizer. The other obje ctive is to develop a table of Key Performance Indicators to use for evaluating the performance of the team in handling the project. Price Comparison One of the goals of logistics management is to ensure value for money, where effort is made to get the best prices at the most suitable terms of payment (Christopher, 2016). This requires soliciting price quotations from different suppliers and then comparing the prices per unit, taking into consideration other factors such as availability, transportation costs, and warehousing costs as well as factors such as taxes (Song and Panayides, 2012). A detailed valuation of the provided quotations are shown in the table below; Supplier Port (Ex) Packaging Unit Price in $ Upfront Balance Cost Period 1: Saudi Msa 50 kg bags 650 25% 75% 5% 120 25 kg bags 665 25% 75% 5% 120 Dar 50 kg bags 660 25% 75% 5% 120 25 kg bags 675 25% 75% 5% 120 2: Saudi Msa 50 kg bags 640 25% 75% 3% 120 25 kg bags 658 25% 75% 3% 120 Dar 50 kg bags 665 25% 75% 3% 120 25 kg bags 683 25% 75% 3% 120 3: Saudi Msa 50 kg bags 647 25% 75% 3% 30 25 kg bags 662 25% 75% 3% 30 Dar 50 kg bags 657 25% 75% 3% 30 25 kg bags 672 25% 75% 3% 30 4: Saudi, China, Russ Msa 50 kg bags 670 25% 75% 7% 90 Dar 50 kg bags 690 25% 75% 7% 90 Reviewing the information and evaluating the possible costs from the four different suppliers and the terms offered, the most suitable supplier that would give the lowest costs compared to the rest is the Supplier number 1 (shaded green above) from Saudi Arabia. This supplier will deliver to Mombasa at $ 18200 (upfront payment) and $ 54605.6 as the balance payment. The balance payment is given with 5% as cost of credit payable over 120 days. While it would make sense to use Supplier Number 3 because procuring from them gives the lowest overall costs; the upfront payment for the consignment would be $ 17920 ex-Mombasa while the 75% payments would total $ 53763.36 x-Mombasa, they have bad history. They have not responded to RFQs in the past and look at the organization as a competitor. Supplier one, despite being new, has good references and would be suitable for a long term partnership as partnerships are essential in logistics. Further, the Mombasa port would be the most suitable bec ause there is a direct route to the warehouses in Western Kenya (Bungoma) which is 898 km and to Kigali City, Rwanda, which 1498 km. From the Dar es Salaam port, the distance to Rwanda is 1431 km while to Bungoma, the distance is 1233 km. The best solution is to have the Kenyan shipment offloaded at the Mombasa port where the total costs including transportation would be $ 335305.60. The Rwanda shipment should b offloaded at Dar es Salaam port and transported by road to Kigali as the total cost would be $ 388925.6 . if the same consignment was taken through Mombasa via Kenya to Kigali, it would cost an additional $ 30380. Further, while delivery to Dar es Salaam would cost a little more, the total cost is just $ 1120. This is far less than the extra $ 30380 that would be incurred using the port of Mombasa. Further, the most economics packaging for the fertilizer is in 50 kg bags because they have the lowest associated costs and would reduce the transportation charges to the respective warehouses, given that the 25 kg bag packages would require additional space and hence lead to increased costs for transportation. Further, the supplier is giving a long period for the payments (of 120 days) and a lower extra costs for t he credit period of just 3% extra. The goal of procurement and getting quotations from various different suppliers is to ensure the best quality product, delivered on time, and at the most competitive cost (in this case the lowest cost), while having the best payment terms (in this case a longer credit period). So the the chosen supplier is Supplier Number 2, from Saudi Arabia Project Schedule The schedule of activities will take into account the request for proposals from the prospective suppliers, the shipping period, the loading and clearing period for the consignment, as well as transportation and storage, and delivery to the respective warehouses. This will require the use of project management methodologies and scheduling based on approximations (Goulden, 2017), (Gurjar, 2016). The schedule of activities is therefore shown in the table below; Activity Task Description Duration 1 Initiation Initiation of the project and setting the goals and objectives for the task One Week 2 Request for offers Request potential suppliers to send in their quotations and terms One week 3 Evaluate quotation Evaluate the given quotations to select the best one and send Purchase order. Also review the best routes to use for transportation One Week 4 Route plan and budget Determine the best route to use by making the necessary calculations and determining the distances as well as the transport costs associated. This takes into account the packaging used and the means for transportation One Week 5 Payment Make the first payments for the consignment One Week 6 Negotiate transportation Determine the transporter to use (whether single or many) and the costs of transportation based on the selected routes One Week 7 Prepare the warehouses and source for any staff that may be needed Have the warehouses ready to receive the goods and source for any staff needed for the entire project Three weeks 8 Nominate agents Nominate a logistics company / agent to handle import and clearance One week 9 Documentation Prepare the necessary documentation, including the Import Declaration Document based on sent proforma Invoice and local regulations One Week 10 Delivery Receive the consignment at the port of Mombasa and do an inspection to ensure the consignment meets KEBS standards and that there are no damages. Two Weeks (Note that shipping takes on average 11 days form Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Mombasa) and clearing another four to seven days 11 Delivery Receiving consignment at Dar es Salaam port Two and a half Weeks 12 Loading Loading of fertilizer into trucks Three weeks (total) 13 Transportation Transportation of fertilizer to the respective warehouses Four weeks The transportation of the fertilizer to the respective warehouses will take a total of four weeks to complete, operating at maximum efficiency. This is because it takes one hour to fill one 35 metric tonne truck at the port. The transportation time from Mombasa to Bungoma, operating non stop and taking into account average traffic conditions will take at least 16.5 hours, so the total average time to deliver the fertilizer to Mombasa for every truck is about 24 hours, taking into account loading and offloading times. The transportation time to Kigali Rwanda will take 25 hours, taking into account loading and offloading time, the total average time is 31 hours, through Tanzania. The transportation time also takes into account how much can be transported by road by a single truck: the Kenyan laws place a maximum limit of 35 metric tons for every 40 foot truck carrier with three axles drawn by a three axle prime mover that does not exceed 18 metric tons as its tare weight. In this case, the number of trips (trucks) needed to transport fertilizer to Bungoma are 100 and to Kigali are 60 trucks. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) KPIs are values that are measurable that demonstrate the achievement of key business objectives. KPIs are used by organizations to analyze their success (or failure) in attaining some set targets. For the logistics sector, there are various cross functional KPIs that determine performance. One of the most important KPIs in this project is transportation that includes shipping and road transport, handling (loading and offloading), and warehousing. Another KPI that is of importance is procurement, in the context of procurement costs and timely delivery (Coyle at al., 2017). For transportation, the KPI is timely delivery of the consignment. The on time final delivery is a KPI that shows the ability of the consignment carrier to deliver the consignment n time successfully. This delivery is to the scheduled date of arrival and at the appointed time and location. An accurate delivery time is critical for success of the project, given the seasonal nature of fertilizer use and the required t imes for both Rwanda and Kenya. The desired success rate is stated in the table below. Cost per unit weight is another important transportation metric. The quotes show delivery ex Mombasa. The consignment has to undergo clearance, loading and, transportation to the destination. The gross net and total weight to be moved must be measured for each week and is important in ensuring the costs are kept low while delivery targets are achieved. Another important KPI is warehousing and in this case, there are four KPIs namely: accuracy of inventory, dock to stock, on time shipping, and order accuracy. Inventory Accuracy: This is a measure of of workers in the warehouse when preparing products. The desire is a high accuracy to nursing the right products reach the right customers. In this case, the product is homogeneous so 100% accuracy is desired and achievable. Dock-t-Stock: Tis is a measure of the cycle time from the commencement of a receipt to the time when it is put away. This KPI is important for measuring inbound activity efficiencies to ensure availability when required On-Time Shipping: This depends on the supplier but is a metric to show percentage shipments leaving the warehouse on time. It also shows percentage arriving at the warehouses on time order accuracy: A KPI that shows order accuracy; this again should be 100 percent given the product is homogeneous. References Christopher, M. (2016). Marketing logistics. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge, p.144. Coyle, J., Langley, C., Novack, R. and Gibson, B. (2017).Supply chain management. Boston, Mass: Cengage Learning. Goulden, D. (2017).How to Manage the Logistics Behind Project Management in Enterprise Business - Clarizen. [online] Clarizen. Available at: https://www.clarizen.com/manage-logistics-behind-project-management-in-enterprise-business/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Gurjar, N. (2016).A forward looking approach to project management : tools, trends, and the impact of disruptive technologies. London: Springer. Ivanov, D., Tsipoulanidis, A. and Scho?nberger, J. (2016).Global supply chain and operations management. New York: Springer, pp.25 -26. Song, D. and Panayides, P. (2012).Maritime logistics. Bingley: Emerald

Good Leaders Are Made, not Born!

Good Leaders Are Made, not Born! Free Online Research Papers Good leaders are made not born; if you have the desire and the will power you can become an effective leader. This simple sentence represents and explains what leadership is all. Goals, values and concepts are the core of great leadership qualities. This paper will describe what leadership styles are effective in organizations, how these styles assist in creating and sustaining a healthy organizational culture, and compare and contrast the leadership styles. A look at how Wal-Mart’s leadership styles impact the fortune 100 company will also be looked at. What is leadership? When examining this question it is important to understand what it means to be a leader within an organization. â€Å"A leader is someone who holds a dominant or superior position within his or her field and is able to exercise a high degree of influence over others† (Business dictionary, 2009). Bateman Snell (2009) states â€Å"An outstanding leader combines good strategic substance and effective interpersonal processes to formulate and implement strategies that produce results and sustainable competitive advantage.† Leaders serve people best when they help them develop their own initiative and good judgment, enable them to grow, and help them become better contributors (Bateman Snell). A leader comes to the forefront when a crisis occurs and is able to think as well as act in creative way during difficult situations (Business dictionary, 2009). â€Å"Leadership is an organizational role involving establishing a clear vision, communicating the vision with others so that others will follow willingly, providing information, knowledge, and methods to realize that vision, and coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders† (Business dictionary, 2009). Unlike management leadership flows from the core of a personality and cannot be taught; although leadership can be learned and may be enhanced through coaching or mentoring. Leadership involves unique processes that are distinguishable from basic management processes (Bateman Snell, 2009). It is important for an organization to know when good leadership is needed. Spurgeaon and Cragg (2008) believe that the following times are when good leadership is most needed. These times are when there is a non-routine task requiring innovative thinking, when there is a need to inspire and motivate others in undertaking tasks, when there is a need to establish momentum and keep things moving in a new direction in order to be successful, when there is abilities that go beyond what is currently being done and involving developing a longer term vision, and when a task is required because the external environment is unstable and changing rapidly (Spurgeaon and Cragg, 2008). Leadership can be divided between supervisory leadership and strategic leadership in order to distinguish between the two (Bateman Snell, 2009). Supervisory leadership occurs when a leader possesses behavior that provides guidance, support, and corrective feedback for day to day activities. Strategic leadership occurs when a leader’s behavior gives purpose and meaning to an organization’s envisioning and creating a positive future. The leading function is about people within an organization; both individually and in groups. This function is organized to influence people to be high performers through motivation and inspiration. Leaders share their vision for the future of a company just as Sam Walton shares his vision for the future of Wal-Mart through his slogan; â€Å"saving people money so they can live better† (Wal-Mart, 2008). Since 1962 Walton has been proud of his vision of Wal-Mart and has passionately shared with all employees his success. Today, over 40 years later, Walton’s goals and dreams are still prominent within the organization and is posted on the corporate website (Wal-Mart, 2008). Walton not only talked of his vision he lived it himself which gained him creditability as a leader. Known as a penny pincher, Walton would arm wrestle his suppliers for the lowest price and, unlike most competitors, he would pass the savings on to customers. Walton was able to get his associates and managers on board with the idea that his vision was the way to go; although it was not easy. This was achieved because â€Å"Walton framed his cheapness as a crusade on behalf of the lowly consumer and as a quest for a better life for all American† (Frank, 2006). American really related to Sam Walton’s message. A leader â€Å"keeps people focused on moving the organization toward its ideal future, motivating them to overcome whatever obstacles lie in the way† (Bateman Snell, 2009). Leaders capture the hearts and minds of their employees and stir up a desire to be a part of something big. They clearly see the future of the organization, the changes that need to occur to get t here, and they sell the vision with such compelling belief that others begin to see and believe it as well. Good leaders are aware of their role and how they can benefit from helping an organization achieve its goals. Walton was very good at helping his associates see that working for Wal-Mart meant limitless opportunity while providing a great thing for the community. Mr. Walton had this to say about working for Wal-Mart (Frank, 2006) â€Å"It would, I’m sure, help you become a leader, it would help your personality develop, you would become more outgoing, and in time you might become a manager of that store, you might become a department manager, you might become a district manager, or whatever you choose to be in the company†¦ It will do wonders for you†. Walton was a very charismatic leader. He made it look so easy and people believed him and listened. There are many leadership styles that an organization can choose from depending on specific needs. What styles are chosen depends on which one will be most effective. The choose of leadership styles can make or break an organization and also is the determining factor on how a staff functions. Wal-Mart has chosen to use a charismatic leadership style. This type of styles involves the leader to inject huge doses of enthusiasm into a team (Mind tools, 2008). Wal-Mart also uses servant leadership. This style involves any person at any level within the organization to be a leader and lead simply by meeting the needs of the team (Mind tools, 2008). Wal-Mart management are not sitting behind a desk but rather walking around on the floor with their fellow associates. This happens both at stores and in distribution centers as well. Sam Walton had this to say about his chosen leadership style (2008) â€Å"In a way that creates wonderful morale to help the whole team accomplish an overall goal.† Management’s number one goal with their employees is to make working at Wal-Mart fun and rewarding. They even have their own cheer to boost associates morale and organizational spirit (Wal-Mart, 2008). â€Å"Who’s Wal-Mart? It is my Wal-Mart† (Wal-Mart, 2008). This is the type of leadership styles that all organizations need to use. This style makes employees want to come to work everyday and they feel secure knowing that they are working for a great organization. Wal-Mart is like one big family and like to make their associates feel like they are an important part of keeping the doors open (Wal-Mart, 2008). Another positive leadership technique Wal-Mart uses is they like to delegate responsibility amongst teams rather than lead from the front. Every associate’s opinion counts. Managem ent has an open door policy for associates to talk with management and are encouraged to do so. But the goal every associate within Wal-Mart has is that they want to serve their customers to the best of their ability (Wal-Mart, 2008). Different leadership styles support the creation and maintenance of a healthy organizational culture. At Wal-Mart different levels of styles work with different levels of the organization and in different situations. With front line workers both a democratic leadership solicits input from others and a autocratic style of leadership makes decisions and announces them to the group. These styles can work in a partnership to create a healthy culture. An example of a autocratic leadership is when a manager plans the number of hours required for coverage on the cash registers each day of the week. A democratic leadership style would then allow the cashiers to bid for the hours they would like to work. This can create a positive work environment because the hours are determined based on the stores needs and budget and the employees have imput on which hours they want to work. This concept can be taken one step further and support a feeling of greater democracy by allowing the employees with seniority to have first choice. Bureaucratic leadership works effectively in situations that require strict procedure adherence. â€Å" Bureaucratic leaders work by the book ensuring that their staff follow procedures precisely† (Leadership styles, 2008). This type of style is effective in situations such as collecting cash from the cashiers. A process would be identified and only certain levels of management would be trained on the process. The process also has no flexibility. Charismatic leadership is important for top levels of management in most organizations. Sam Walton had charisma as is evident in the way the early days of Wal-Mart were described (Frank, 2006). â€Å"Charismatic leaders are dominant, exceptionally self confident and have a strong conviction in the moral righteousness of their beliefs† (Bateman Snell, 2009). The confidence of the leader and their belief in his vision and ability to tie the vision into everyday activities supports a healthy culture as it gives the leader credibility and supports the employees believing in the vision of their leader and the future of the organization. When employees have confidence in their leader they have confidence in the future of the organization. In conclusion, Sam Walton had the confidence of his associates and he never lost connection with them. As Wal-Mart expanded Sam got his pilots license so he could fly to individual stores to reduce travel time. Walton’s reasoning for this was so he could personally visit his stores to keep in touch with associates (Frank, 2006). This was smart business and smart leadership. It is evident from Wal-Mart’s decades of success that Walton’s chosen techniques are effective. References Bateman, Thomas S., Snell, Scott A. (2009). Management: Leading and collaborating in the competitive world (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Business Dictionary. (2009). Leadership. Retrieved January 05, 2009, from businessdictionary.com/definition/leadership.html Frank, T. (2006) A Brief History of Wal-Mart. Washington Monthly, Reclaim Democracy. Retrieved December 29, 2008 from: reclaimdemocracy.org/walmart/2006/history.php Mind Tools. (2006). Leadership styles, using the right one for your situation. Retrieved December 29, 2008 from mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_84.htm Spurgeon, P and Cragg, R. (2008). Is it Management or Leadership? Clinician in Management, 15:123-125. Email- j_landreman@yahoo.com Username- mrstripp Research Papers on Good Leaders Are Made, not Born!Bringing Democracy to AfricaOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Constructing a Deductive Theory

Constructing a Deductive Theory There are two approaches to constructing a theory: deductive theory construction and inductive theory construction. Deductive theory construction takes place during deductive reasoning in the hypothesis-testing phase of research. Process The process of developing a deductive theory is not always as simple and straightforward as the following; however, the process generally involves the following steps: Specify the topic.Specify the range of phenomena your theory addresses. Will it apply to all of human social life, only U.S. citizens, only middle-class Hispanics, or what?Identify and specify your major concepts and variables.Find out what is known about the relationships among those variables.Reason logically from those relationships to the specific topic you are studying. Pick a Topic of Interest The first step in constructing a deductive theory is picking a topic that interests you. It can be very broad or very specific but should be something that you are trying to understand or explain. Then, identify what the range of phenomena is that you are examining. Are you looking at human social life across the globe, only women in the United States, only poor, sick children in Haiti, etc? Take Inventory   The next step is to take inventory of what is already known about that topic or what is thought about it. This includes learning what other scholars have said about it as well as writing down your own observations and ideas. This is the point in the research process where you will likely spend a great deal of time in the library reading scholarly literature on the topic and devising a literature review. During this process, you will likely notice patterns discovered by prior scholars. For example, if you are looking at views on abortion, religious and political factors will stand out as important predictors in many of the previous studies you come across. Next Steps After you’ve examined the previous research conducted on your topic, you are ready to construct your own theory. What is it that you believe you will find during your research? Once you develop your theories and hypotheses, it is time to test them in the data collection and analysis phase of your research. References Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.

Constructing a Deductive Theory

Constructing a Deductive Theory There are two approaches to constructing a theory: deductive theory construction and inductive theory construction. Deductive theory construction takes place during deductive reasoning in the hypothesis-testing phase of research. Process The process of developing a deductive theory is not always as simple and straightforward as the following; however, the process generally involves the following steps: Specify the topic.Specify the range of phenomena your theory addresses. Will it apply to all of human social life, only U.S. citizens, only middle-class Hispanics, or what?Identify and specify your major concepts and variables.Find out what is known about the relationships among those variables.Reason logically from those relationships to the specific topic you are studying. Pick a Topic of Interest The first step in constructing a deductive theory is picking a topic that interests you. It can be very broad or very specific but should be something that you are trying to understand or explain. Then, identify what the range of phenomena is that you are examining. Are you looking at human social life across the globe, only women in the United States, only poor, sick children in Haiti, etc? Take Inventory   The next step is to take inventory of what is already known about that topic or what is thought about it. This includes learning what other scholars have said about it as well as writing down your own observations and ideas. This is the point in the research process where you will likely spend a great deal of time in the library reading scholarly literature on the topic and devising a literature review. During this process, you will likely notice patterns discovered by prior scholars. For example, if you are looking at views on abortion, religious and political factors will stand out as important predictors in many of the previous studies you come across. Next Steps After you’ve examined the previous research conducted on your topic, you are ready to construct your own theory. What is it that you believe you will find during your research? Once you develop your theories and hypotheses, it is time to test them in the data collection and analysis phase of your research. References Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.

Stratification Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Stratification Systems - Essay Example Perhaps his ideas originated from his family background, where a blend of politics and academics created the right environment for a sociologist of his stature to develop. Studying law at the university further enabled the polishing of the ideas held about the society, despite having developed impressive historical and social views at a very tender age, which almost put him in trouble with his teachers. Weber had personal experience with conflict at the domestic level when his family problems exposed him to taking sides with his mother in disputes (Kerbo, 6). Concept of conflict among upper and lower classes took the dimension of the motivation, which he thought depended on factors such as power, prestige, as well as the ownership of property and wealth. The level of access of class and status is dependent on the transferability of the factor that accords the class and status, for instance prestige. Weber held that it would be possible for prestige to gain property if the parties involved in both classes were willing to exchange their possession. The position that wealthy people often wield power in the society may also translate into prestige involved, making it easy for such persons to rise to political power. In view of bureaucracies and their origin, Weber identifies the authority of the state as the only legitimate party to apply force and violence in carrying out its roles. His observation of the rational source of legal power wielded by the state explains the acceptance of government in the modern world (Kerbo, 15). Rising population numbers in human civilization and the need to control the monetary concept of living among the people eventually led to bureaucratic organization, taking care of administration needs of the socie ty. To generate this argument, Weber identifies three types of authority or dominations namely, charismatic, traditional and legal. From the legal coining of power by the state,

Medical marijuana and its impact on the mind, body and society Term Paper

Medical marijuana and its impact on the mind, body and society - Term Paper Example Batalla et al. (2013) and Greenwell (2012), however, asserted the negative effects of cannabis on both adolescent and adult brains. This paper is not concerned of marijuana legalization, as it assumes that the main context is that it is used in states where medical marijuana consumption is allowed. The emphasis is on cannabis’ potential effects on users and society. Medical marijuana can help some people deal with chronic pain, but it should not be widely used because it can have negative effects on the brain, which can lead to mental, academic, and social problems. Technical Overview Marijuana, also called cannabis, pertains to preparing plants that are members of the family Cannabaceae, the genus Cannabis, and the species Cannabis sativa that produce psychoactive effects (Greenwell, 2012, p.68). Marijuana has around 70 psychoactive compounds or â€Å"cannabinoids,† which include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that creates many of marijuana’s psychological and physi cal effects, and its content is usually connected to the potency of marijuana (Batalla et al., 2013, p.2). The part of the plants used are the flowering tops, leaves, and stalks of mature female plans, although the resinous extracts (hash) of marijuana are also used as medicine (Greenwell, 2012, p.68). ... At present, medical marijuana is used to treat chronic pain for patients with cancer, multiple sclerosis, and nerve pain, as well as depression, nausea, and vomiting (Greenwell, 2012, p.68; Martin-Sanchez, Furukawa, Taylor, & Martin, 2009, p.1353). Impacts of Medical Marijuana on Mind, Body, and Society Though some patients attested the importance of marijuana to treating symptoms or their illnesses, most studies agreed that the impact of marijuana on the human brain is under-researched enough for doctors and patients to be cautious of its widespread applications (Batalla et al., 2013; Blakemore, 2013; Block, 1996). Batalla et al. (2013) and Blakemore (2013) are highly concerned of how marijuana affects adolescent brains, especially when they are in their development stages, while Batalla et al. (2013), Block (1996), and Rapp (2013) are alarmed of the effects of long-term cannabis use on adult brains and behaviors. Batalla et al. (2013) conducted a systematic review on 43 structural and functional imaging studies on adolescent and adult chronic cannabis users, wherein these studies have matched control groups included. They defined chronic marijuana users as those who use cannabis a number of times a week and have done so for at a minimum of two years (p.2). Their findings showed that for the few studies that focused on adolescents, imaging showed structural and functional changes in their brains, where gender may have a role in these changes (Batalla et al., 2013, p.13). They stressed that adolescent female cannabis users may be at higher risk for cannabis-stimulated morphological impacts (Batalla et al., 2013, p.13). Blakemore (2013) also reviewed a study on cannabis use for adolescent brains

Duties of Students Essay Example for Free

Duties of Students Essay The responsibilities of students include: preparing a programme of work at appropriate intervals in each academic year in consultation with supervisors and ensuring that any deviation from the programme is reported without delay to the supervisors; Discussing with the supervisors the type of guidance and comment they find most helpful and agreeing a schedule of meetings; taking the initiative in raising problems or difficulties, however basic they may seem; maintaining the progress of the work in accordance with the stages agreed with the supervisors, including the presentation of written material as required in sufficient time to allow for comments and discussion before proceeding to the next stage; informing the supervisors of impending requirements related to expenditure within the budget; providing a formal annual report to the Faculty Graduate Research Committee (RD 47 form). And other progress reports as required; completing a Training Needs Analysis and maintaining a Personal Development Plan using the facilities provided by the University; attendance at the post-graduate training modules in Research Methods offered by the Faculty or centrally provided in collaboration with the Graduate School; attendance at the programme of personal skills training for post-graduate researchers offered by the Graduate School; planning when they intend to submit their thesis, taking due account of the opinion of their supervisors; Before submission, clearing any laboratory area in which they have been working, including the safe disposal of surplus chemicals and other materials; maintaining a repository of all primary data concerned with the research programme, either in notebooks or computer disk or machine print-outs, for retention until any publications from the thesis have completed the relevant peer review cycles; writing the thesis is the students own responsibility. Students are expected to have a good command of the English language. Students are strongly advised to show drafts of their thesis to the supervisors so that the appropriate advice and comments may be given well ahead of the date for formal submission; student representation on the Faculty Graduate Research Committee is important, so you should ensure that you know who your representative is. It is important to keep written records of the work done, progress with related studies and outcomes from supervisory meetings. Together with the written reports to supervisors and, of course, any publications in conferences and journals, these notes are invaluable for the preparation of the transfer report and in writing the final thesis.

Johnny Tremain :: essays research papers

Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston Massachusetts around (1773 to 1775). Revolutionary War era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnny Lyte Tremain Young boy who’s mother died when he was young, apprenticed to a silversmith named Mr. Lapham. Main character in the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Lapham A silversmith that Johnny is apprenticing. He is a good silversmith but he cannot remember his orders very well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Lapham Johnny’s foster mother. She provides Johnny with room and board while he is shadowing Mr. Lapham.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cilla Lapham Third daughter out of four in the Lapham family. She is the nicest to Johnny. She is constantly taking care of her younger sister Isannah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Isannah Lapham Fourth daughter in the Lapham family. She was the rudest to Johnny. Cilla had to take care of her because she was so small and sickly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rab Johnny’s closest friend. A couple of years older than Johnny, he worked for the Boston Observer printing newspapers. Rab helps Johnny throughout the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dusty & Dove Boys who were also apprenticed out to Mr. Lapham. Johnny was better at everything. The two boys got stuck with the worst jobs and did not like Johnny for being so good as a silversmith. Dove was mean to Johnny because Johnny was so bossy toward the both of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Revere A local Boston silversmith known for his great work. He was kind and generous. He was a member of the secretive â€Å"Observers† club at the Boston Observer. He is a Whig.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John & Samuel Adams Local Whigs, highly recognized men in Boston. They are also part of the â€Å"Observers† club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merchant Jonathan Lyte A very prosperous merchant who is kin to Johnny. He is very dishonest and steals from Johnny. He wants nothing to do with Johnny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lavinia Lyte Merchant Lyte’s daughter. She is very beautiful and men like her a lot. Johnny likes her. She is sort of rude to Johnny in the beginning but in the end, she becomes very nice to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Hancock Another well respected man in Boston. He is a local Whig and is also a member of the â€Å"Observers† Club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Lorne Johnny’s new master after his hand was severely injured at the Lapham’s silvershop. He is very kind and allows Johnny to deliver papers by horseback. Mr. Lorne is the writer and publisher of the Boston Observer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pumpkin A British Redcoat who befriended Johnny. In the end Johnny tries to help him escape from being a soldier and he is caught and killed for treason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Stranger A British General Who helped Johnny with his horse riding skills. Johnny helps him by taking care of his horses.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Contribution Margin

Escareno Corporation has provided its contribution format income statement for June. The company produces and sells a single product. Sales (8,400 units): ($) 764,400 Variable expenses: ($) 445,200 Contribution margin: ($) 319,200 Fixed expenses: ($) 250,900 Net operating income: ($) 68,300 If the company sells 8,200 units, its total contribution margin should be closest to: Merchandise with a sales price of $500 is sold on account with term 2/10, n/30. The journal entry to record the sale would include a: Davison Company has fixed costs of $ 315,000 and a contribution margin ratio of 34%. If sales are expected to be $1,500,000, what is the margin of safety percent? † E. (114 points) The Beer toxin is composed of two subunits, Ping and Pong . The toxin binds to the Springbreak receptor on the plasma membrane of pancreatic cells and enters the cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Once the toxin-receptor complex reaches the early endosome, Ping , Pong , and Springbreak dissociate from one another. Ping exits the early endosomes and enters the cytosol whereas Springbreak is targeted to the lysosomes for degradation. Although Ping alone can interact with Springbreak , its cytosolic targeting requires the presence of†¦ The vice-president of marketing and the director of human resources have developed a proposal whereby the company would compensate the sales sales force on a strictly commission basis using 20% of net sales. Given the increased incentive, they expect net sales to increase by 15%. As a result, they estimate that gross profit will increase by $53,061 and operating expenses by $88,322. Compute the expected new net income. (Hint: You do not need to prepare an income statement). A trial balance before adjustments included the following: Debit Credit Sales $425,000 Sales returns and allowance $14,000 Accounts receivable 43,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts 760 If the estimate of uncollectibles is made by taking ten percent of gross account receivables, the amount of the adjustment is $3,540. 4,224. $5,060. $4,300. Recently Asked Questions A substance, X, has the following properties. (Size of mass is 250. g. ) Specific Heat Capacities Hvap 20. kJ/mol C(s) 3. 0 J/g C Hfus 5. 0 kJ/mol C(l) 2. 5 J/g C bp 75 C C(g) 1. 0 J/g C mp -15 C Calculate the energy that must be removed to convert substance X from a gas at 113 C to a solid -54. 2 C. Assume X has a molar mass of 75. 0 g/mol. A doctor has applied for a patent on new technology, involving the use of advanced compu ters to create a new type of organism. One goal is to genetically alter these organisms for use in human organ growth and transplant. The doctor says that, if she is not granted a patent, she will continue her research. Write a 1,750- to 2,800-word paper, addressing the scenario. Address the following questions in your paper: o Should the doctor s activity be considered a violation of the law, a deviant act, or neither? o If this activity is a violation of the law

How Does Architecture Create Memories?

Memory AND ARCHITECTURE How does architecture make memories? Should it non be the most of import undertaking of it beyond signifier and map? Introduction Architects from rather some clip have started speaking about making â€Å"a sense of a place† by supplying an environment which is experiential and has a sense of belonging. â€Å"Sense of a topographic point goes manus in manus with making memories† ( Lehmon, 2008-2010 ) as written by Maria Lerena Lehmon in her article â€Å"sensing architecture† . Further lucubrating on the subject she says our memory of events may depend upon a strong sense of topographic point, and by extension, our sense of topographic point may be influenced by the unity of memories formed at that place. The memory of an event or a occurrence ever has a environing background or a physical built around it. If this background has a peculiar character or a sense attached to it so it helps the memory of that event/experience grow stronger. The term â€Å"physical background† is non limited to the difficult physical stuffs used but besides to the infinites they generate and the manner our senses respond towards these assorted elements and the manner these stuffs and infinites alter and determine our centripetal perceptual experience. Why is it easier to retrieve certain paths as compared to the others, is it because they have less figure of bends or is it merely because one can tie in with them more easy? I live in Jasola Vihar in New Delhi and why is it so that every clip I guide person to my place I end up stating them that I stay in the â€Å"grey DDA flats near Appolo Hospital† ? It’s an unnoticed attempt of making a sense of association with the milieus, be it a land grade or a curious character of a topographic point ( sense of a topographic point ) . It is now in the universe of globalization that we, in the name of braking boundaries have decided to allow travel of our individualities as good.With the planetary architecture picking up its gait it is going hard to separate between topographic points and hence the formation of a strong association and an irremovable memory of topographic point is being put at serious hazard. Here is an illustration of Tokyo ( left ) and Chicago ( right ) , two metropoliss from the opposite corners of the universe yet difficult to separate. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 ( Anon. , 2014 ) ( Anon. , 2014 ) Here is another illustrations of Venice ( left ) and Banaras ( right ) , two metropoliss holding certain characteristics in common but yet they stand with independent individualities and honest to the memories and associations attached to them. Fig. 3 Fig. 4 ( ( ALAMY, 2014 ) ) ( Sharma, 2010 ) NEED IDENTIFICATION Human memory has been the reply bank to some basic inquiry related to our being every bit good as to some complex inquiries related to our journey through ages. â€Å"Memory† has ever been of import in the universe of treatments non merely because it is the â€Å"record keeper† of events but besides because it is a supplier of individuality. It is our memory that tells us where we belong and where we come from. Architecture on the other manus has ever been one of the strongest defenders and projectors of a certain individuality ( belonging to a certain clip and topographic point ) . Therefore this survey is meant to place and convey out the elements of the built that really formulate a certain association and a sense of perceptual experience amongst the experiencers, taking us to admit the strength of architecture in traveling beyond signifier and map and arousing our centripetal perceptual experiences for supplying us with a memory of the â€Å"self† . Scope The survey shall cover the usage of the centripetal variety meats in the apprehension of different infinites both at the colony degree and at single infinite degree. It shall be a comparative survey between different places/spaces on the personal interview footing sing topographic points in India. Restriction Memories of topographic point are normally subjected to personal perceptual experiences and readings and hence to generalize a decision is in uncertainty. A figure personal interviews will be the best possible agencies to average out a sense of a topographic point and to enter how certain characters of the same topographic point are in common in the memories of different people. Methodology The bing literature predominating on memory and architecture shall be identified, gathered and reviewed. The reappraisal shall with an armory of theories and thoughts that have been contemplated on the topic in the yesteryear. The survey shall so be applied to the Indian context. The acquired cognition through the literature study shall be used to place peculiar instances in India taking an illustration of an old town of Bilgram and the metropolitan Delhi. A close survey of both the colony shall be done at the macro and micro degree saying illustrations that can clearly reflect the theories derived from the literature study. The instance surveies shall so be closely looked upon and scrutinised and be written about. Finally the subject of memory and architecture shall be discussed with a practicing designer and his/her positions shall be acknowledged and documented. All consequences learnt shall so be compiled with a successful effort to deduce to a decision in the terminal. HUMAN MEMORY AND ITS WAYS WHAT IS MEMORY? The mental module entering the past experiences based on the mental procedure of acquisition, retaining and remembering ( Oxford lexicon ) . But is this it? Let us get down with a brief apprehension of the types of memories that exist and the procedure of their formation. Fig. 5 ( mastin, 2010 ) What we by and large perceive as memory in our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives is really the long term memory but there besides exist the centripetal memory and the short term memory, which normally go unnoticed by us in the haste of our mundane lives. Every event/incidence goes through a enrollment procedure in our sensory and short term memory foremost, before being stored for good in our long term memory. Therefore the stronger the impact of an event on our sensory and short term memory the better are the opportunities of that event being remembered for a life time ­Ã‚ ­ . SENSORY MEMORY Centripetal memory is what we relate to ‘perception in an instance’ . It is the shortest signifier of memory generated at a automatic rate through any of our five senses of odor, sight, hearing, gustatory sensation and touch. The clip span of such memory is non more than 300-500 msecs and upper limit to a 2nd ( rare instances ) and therefore it is more of an inherent aptitude based memory. Our encephalon is trained to register merely a selected portion of the information which has the opportunities of being utile in future and therefore most of the clip our centripetal memory goes live. For an event or an experience to hold an impact on our memory at the sensory ( instantaneous ) gait it needs to hold a really strong contact with our either of our five senses. ( mastin, 2010 ) Like for illustration: when you do a trek to Kheerganga through those thick woods and the soft slippery Shivalik mountains of Himachal Pradesh you can ne'er think what will come next and so all of a sudden you enter into this huge vacant vale perfectly untasted and pure, surrounded with immense mountains all about and you stand in the in-between lick a pinpoint of dust. Or when in the metropolis of Ajmer, you decide to go all the manner up to the Taragarh garrison, off from the pandemonium and the hustle hustle of the metropolis. You reach the top and so you look back, down onto all the flashing visible radiations and a immense nothingness ( the lake ) amongst them, the contrast and the astonishment, can non be ignored. Or when you enter the edifice of the National Institute Design ( Ahmedabad ) through its low tallness reception/gallery/display country and you all of a sudden happen yourself into this immense courtyard where the edifice merely opens itself to you, the courtyard filled with cold visible radiation and a immense tree turning right in the center of it. Or for that affair the same edifice pull offing to keep the sensitiveness towards the natural environment to an extent that we can happen alien birds like Inachis ios rolling in the campus like pigeons in Delhi. Such experiential topographic points do non necessitate a long procedure of recollection and acquaintance to develop an association and a lasting topographic point in 1s memories. These brushs generate a sudden daze, opening themselves as a surprise box and acquire absorbed by 1s centripetal perceptual experience, immediately lodging to his/her memory. But the restriction of such a memory is that it can merely be generated with a first-hand experience as it requires the response of our senses in the purest signifier which can merely be generated when we ourselves are physically involved in the event ( shabeeb, 2014 ) Short-run MEMORY ( WORKING MEMORY ) The following phase of our memory procedure is the short-run memory or the on the job memory, working on the footing of impermanent callback. It is the memory formation working analogue with the apprehension of the event. We can take reading as an illustration. When we read, in order to understand the sentence we are reading we need to retrieve the old sentence we merely read. Brain is fundamentally remembering the prequel and understanding the subsequence at the same clip, but the encephalon can be forced to switch the sentences to the slot for long term memory be insistent readings or by calculated effort to consciously retrieve the reading through concentration and apprehension. ( mastin, 2010 ) This is how our encephalon processes pilotage, be it through pages or through roads. So why is it that we remember certain paths clearly and be given to bury certain once more and once more? There can be two replies to this inquiry: Either we travel a certain path more often so the repeat or the timely reoccurrence of the same event makes it stick to our long term memory. Or while going through certain paths we witness such landmarks which merely can non travel unnoticed and they at the same time form a mental map of our path. Metro Stationss in Delhi are a perfect illustration of this. They non merely ease the users of the tube but besides end up steering many going on the roads. The cut to Preet Vihar where my uncle corsets is right opposite the pillar figure 100 of Anand Vihar metro line. Now how do I retrieve this? Equally shortly as I made the bend into Preet Vihar through that dense, confounding route of Anad Vihar my encephalon tried to at the same time remember the most high and the closest thing around which my sense of sight absorbed. The pillar figure 100, written with black in a xanthous circle on a gray concrete pillar. Long-run Memory Long-run memory is, evidently plenty, intended for storage of information over a long period of clip. Despite our mundane feelings of forgetting, it seems likely that long-run memory really decays really small over clip, and can hive away a apparently limitless sum of information about indefinitely. Indeed, there is some argument as to whether we really of all time â€Å"forget† anything at all, or whether it merely becomes progressively hard to entree or recover certain points from memory. Short-run memories can go long-run memory through the procedure of consolidation, affecting dry run and meaningful association. Unlike short-run memory ( which relies largely on an acoustic, and to a lesser extent a ocular, codification for hive awaying information ) , long-run memory encodes information for storage semantically ( i.e. based on significance and association ) . However, there is besides some grounds that long-run memory does besides encode to some extent by sound. For illustration, when we can non quite retrieve a word but it is â€Å"on the tip of the tongue† , this is normally based on the sound of a word, non its significance. Long-run memory is frequently divided into two farther chief types: explicit ( or indicative mood ) memory and implicit ( or procedural ) memory. Declarative memory ( â€Å"knowing what† ) is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled ( or â€Å" declared † ) . It is sometimes called expressed memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved, although it is more decently a subset of expressed memory. Declarative memory can be farther sub-divided into episodic memory and semantic memory. Procedural memory ( â€Å"knowing how† ) is the unconscious memory of accomplishments and how to make things, peculiarly the usage of objects or motions of the organic structure, such as binding a shoe lace, playing a guitar or siting a motorcycle. These memories are typically acquired through repeat and pattern, and are composed of automatic sensorimotor behavior that are so profoundly embedded that we are no longer cognizant of them. Once learned, these â€Å" organic structure memories † allow us to transport out ordinary motor actions more or less automatically. Procedural memory is sometimes referred to as inexplicit memory, because old experiences assistance in the public presentation of a undertaking without explicit and witting consciousness of these old experiences, although it is more decently a subset of inexplicit memory. 1|Page

Essay on PRACTICE OF MARKETING

Essay on PRACTICE OF MARKETING Essay on PRACTICE OF MARKETING Essay on PRACTICE OF MARKETINGBasing on Hooley, Saunders, and Piercy (1998) and Kotler and Armstrong (2013), positioning is the process of searching a market position for a company, product or service that will distinguish it from the position of competitors. Positioning is based on the analysis of a specific target group of consumers for which the benefits and uniqueness are created (Riezebos and van der Grinten, 2012; Myers, 1996). Without a clear idea of what positioning is focused on, it becomes almost impossible to reconcile the solutions of the marketing mix. Generally, the identification of competitive positioning often dictates the most effective combinations of other marketing tools.In its essence, the positioning of a product or service to a consumer is a method of determining a product (service) through the features that seem to be the most important ones for this consumer (Riezebos and van der Grinten, 2012; Czerniawski and Maloney, 2011). As a rule, the work on developin g and maintaining market positioning is built in the following way (basing on McDonald, 2012; Hooley, Saunders, and Piercy, 1998; Myers, 1996; Kotler and Armstrong, 2013):Stage 1 Market segmentation aimed at the selection of market segments and niches the product or service will occupy.Stage 2 The study of the needs of consumers in the selected market segments, including the study of existing market offers and identification of potential competitive advantages.Stage 3 – The development of positioning strategy based on the selected competitive advantages.Stage 4 – The support of positioning strategy through naming, shaping, advertising, and packaging of company’s products.One of the most elegant examples of the positioning strategy success is case of Venus brand, presented by Gillette, the market leader of the razor industry. Thus, on Stage 1, Gillette Company, now being the subdivision of ProcterGamble Corporation (PG Official Website, 2014), infallibly correc tly chooses to enter a previously unoccupied market niche of female safe razors. Above all, trading with shaving accessories is one of the most profitable businesses on FMCG market since 85% of people prefer traditional wet shave using a razor systems or disposable razor blades (N.D., 2005). The sales of razors and blade refills are stable throughout the year, and even financial crisis marginally reduces their volume (McKibben, 1997; N.D., 2005; Pisarcik, 2014). Second of all, Gillette took an extremely timely decision and caught a perfect moment for releasing the first-ever women’s razor product in the 1970’s, when female clothing was becoming increasingly revealing and women began to use common safety razors (Adams, 1978; Gillette Venus Official Website, 2014). Thus, the establishment of a new sub-brand Gillette Venus was a classic example of a market extension strategy when a stable company that achieved high rates in its key position on the market (in our case, exp ensive, high-quality disposable razors for men) decides to reach new audiences offering them same benefits, thus exploiting the factor of audience’s previous awareness about the major brand (Hem, De Chernatony, and Iversen, 2003).Having accurately limited their target audience to women under 45 (Pisarcik, 2014; McKibben, 1997), the company found that their basic needs included the requirement to possess a razor which would clearly be different from brutal male blades by design and form, as well as could be used multiple times. Today, the main competitive advantages of Gillette Venus razors are their design imitating the anatomical contours of female body and high-quality technologies in the production of steel and special blade coating that make razors sharper and more durable (Gillette Venus Official Website, 2014). As a result, being in fierce competition with cheaper brands, BIC, Wilkinson, Astor, Dorco, Lord, Gillette Venus is still standing strongly on offering premium c lass products as premium price. At the same time, the company turns to be flexible enough to answer newly occurring challenges in the contemporary crisis market conditions. Thus, after the appearance of disposal razors manufactured by BIC claiming up to 25% of market (BIC Official Website, 2014), Gillette quickly launches its own models of disposable tools like Simply Venus (Gillette Venus Official Website, 2014). Indeed, existing market share is never enough; strategic position is the only factor that matters, as Jackson (2007) fairly notes.And still, the positioning strategy of Gillette Venus brand is mainly based on the uniqueness of the product. Perfectly fitting female body shapes due to a pivoting head, accounting female skin sensitivity, and designed in pastel colors, Venus razors shout out load that they are made for women exclusively (Gillette Venus Official Website, 2014). Moreover, they immediately endue their users with such qualities as active life position, genuine fem ininity, divine beauty and elegance, showing that women preferring Gillette are women who love themselves and believe they deserve best products. This positioning is supported by the smooth shapes of razor machines, pinkish tones in packaging and clients addressing, the image of graceful women in brand’s commercials, and the very name of a brand hinting that its consumers are God-like creatures. As a result, Gillette is the undisputed leader in the segment of shaving systems, and in some countries, owns up to 87% of the market (N.D., 2005; Pisarcik, 2014).However, the high level of competition in the razor industry, the continuous development of new brands and types of products, as well as the persisting economic crisis in most markets should eventually push Gillette to certain strategic transformations (Finch and Geiger, 2010; Trout and Rivkin, 2009). In particular, the increasing role of price reasonability factor, especially in the developing markets Gillette in actively e ntering now, should help the company realize the need of introducing a line of cheaper products targeted at the younger generation of ladies aged 14-21. Vibrant and colorful design as well as bold advertising messages aimed at involving the audience into social media dialogue, like Dollar Shave Club did (Glazer, 2012), could work effectively for supporting brand’s popularity among new consumers (Gilbreath, 2009; ). To retain existing loyal clients, the company needs to put an end to deriving interchangeable cartridges of older modifications soon after issuing new products: basing on Anandan, Satish, and Sri (2006), as well as Czerniawski and Maloney (2011) studies, while this practice seems to produce additional profits for the company, it turns to be rather costly for consumers, which leads to the decrease in the credit of trust.In general, the consumers of the future will be more educated and will have a wider choice due to increased competition. Therefore, companies will n o longer be able to impact target audiences by means of positioning based on image and previous achievements. In turn, consumers are expected to demand increasingly higher levels of service and quality at a constant price reduction. At the same time, drastic changes in production technologies and total quality management make companies concentrate rather on the physical aspects of their market proposal, which, as Giannias (1999) rightfully marks, obviously complicates market differentiation. In this regard, we must agree with Graver (2004) and Trout and Rivkin (2009) that product differentiation, and hence positioning, will supposedly depend largely on value-added services that can be included into the supply.

How to Tell Time in English for Beginners

How to Tell Time in English for Beginners Use this role play to practice telling the time. Make sure you know how to use the twelve hour clock to speak about times in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening. Use the preposition at to speak about specific times. Key Vocabulary Related to Telling Time Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?What time is it?Its half past...Its quarter past...Its ten to...Its quarter to...Its twenty toIts twenty pastIts ten forty five.1:00 -   One o’clock2:00  -   Two  o’clock3:00  -   Three  o’clock4:00  -   Four o’clock5:00  -   Five o’clock6:00  -   Six  o’clock7:00  -   Seven  o’clock8:00  -   Eight  o’clock9:00  -   Nine  o’clock10:00  -   Ten  o’clock11:00  -   Eleven  o’clock12:00  -   Twelve  o’clock Talking About the Time of Day There are many ways to talk about the time of day in English without using an exact time. Here are some of those vocabulary words. Dawn: Early morning before or just as the sun rises.Sunrise: When the sun rises.Sunset: When the sun sets.Noon: Exactly 12 P.M.Midnight: Exactly 12 A.M.Midday: The stretch of time in the middle of the day, from approximately 11am to 1pm.Afternoon: Literally, the hours afternoon, but more specifically from 1 to 4 P.M.Early: The morning hours, approximately before 9 A.M.Day/daytimeTwilight: The time just before the stars come out.Dusk: Early evening, just before or as the sun is setting.Early evening: From about 4:30 to 6 P.M.Evening: The period of time after sunset but before night.Late: The evening hours, approximately after 11 P.M.Night/nighttimeoclockA.M.Used with a 12 hour clock for talking about times before  noon and after midnight.P.M.Used with a 12-hour clock for talking about times before midnight and after noon. Practice Dialogue Jane: Could you tell me the time, please?Steve: Certainly. Its 3 P.M.Jane: That late? I thought it was early afternoon still.Steve: Time flies when you are busy. Did you enjoy your morning?Jane: I did, but now I have to rush in order to get home before dusk.Steve: Have a good evening. See you back here tomorrow bright and early!Jane: Yes! Ill arrive by dawn or shortly thereafter.

Marital Conflicts In The Film Once Upon A Time Essay

Marital Conflicts In The Film Once Upon A Time - Essay Example In addition to conflicts, communication between spouses is different and yields different results. One of the films that can help one learn about marriages and everything related to this institution is the series, Once Upon a Time, an ABC series that helps us learn about marriage in the traditional and modern setting. A brief analysis of the film shows that it involves the supernatural and the natural. Both of these phenomena take place in the modern and in the traditional setting. A town called Storybrooke is used for the modern setting of the film while a forest called the enchanted forest and traditional kingdoms are used as the setting for the traditional lifestyle. Apart from the curses, the evil and the good that dominates the series film, one of the most dominant institutions is the marriage institution, which is presented as having a lot of struggles, foes, and friends. Those who have an eye or who an interested in marriage institutions can learn a lot from this film that seems to concentrate least on marriages than it does on curses and the supernatural. From the film, one thing is evident; most of the married partners seem to engage in conflicts a lot leading to temporary or permanent disagreement. For example, one of the protagonist couple that goes under the stage name of Prince Charming and Snow White often engages in conflicts both in their traditional lives and in their modern lives. In the traditional setting, marriage struggles are related to small issues on who is going where and who is doing what. For example, Prince Charming, in one of the series is seen hindering his wife to do some crazy things such as deciding to face their enemies. Such minor conflicts end up with both of them reconciling as soon as they started arguing. In the modern setting, the same couple engages in conflicts that take longer to end.

Environmental Scan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Environmental Scan Paper - Essay Example This research centres on the environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world organizations, their competitive edges and firm strategies for developing value and sustaining competitiveness. Scanning of the environment particularly the internal organizational environment mainly looks at culture of the firm, the relations between employees, management and the shareholders. Moreover, it will also focus on the organizational structure, access to natural resources and product awareness. On the other hand, scanning of the external organizational environment dwells on the industry analysis, national and macro-environment. Industry environmental analysis evaluates the level of competition of the company and that of its rivals. The national environment examines the effect of the national framework for enabling an organization accomplishes competitive edge on the international scale. The macro-environment reveals the social, legal, political, economic and political effects on the functioning of an organization. Apple Inc. is a global organization with deals with computer software, consumer electronics and communication servers (Kang, 2013). The primary apple products include iPad, iPod, iPhone, and Macintosh computer. The company was officially registered by its original founders in 1977 in California and has been operating since its incorporation. Apple employs environmental scan to evaluate its business. The firm has been effective in the technology industry in which it operates. The success of this company is mainly attributed to its revolutionary ideas and capability to bring ideas to reality, revealing a sound business strategy. Internal environment The internal environment of Apple is characterized by dynamism, creativity, and flexibility. The organization internal environment has been built such that it promotes its workforce to participate in branding of the company image (Kang, 2013). Apple appreciates its employees for

The Acquisition of Tense by Arabic Learners of English Language Thesis Proposal

The Acquisition of Tense by Arabic Learners of English Language - Thesis Proposal Example This proposal was motivated by an interest in the subject as well as the knowledge that the results of the study are potentially productive and could provide necessary knowledge in the area of linguistic science. This subject is a problem of significance for the students it affects and the knowledge to be gained from this study stands to benefit more than the population of peoples with Arabic as a first language. It is my hope that the findings of this study will also be used to assist other L2 students, and perhaps enrich their relationship with a second language. Among the problems faced by English students with Arabic as their first language is the acquisition of tenses. The morphemes of the English language differ greatly from those of Arabic, and the irregularities of tenses must be memorized, making the acquisition of tenses one of the most difficult parts of the learning process. As stated by Johanne Paradis, this situation â€Å"†¦is a vulnerable domain for English lang uage learners across acquisition contexts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Since one of two allomorphs pertaining to the past tense is possible, either [td] or [t or d], the English past tense exhibits a quasi-regularity. These combined attributes create difficulties for the would-be English learner. To appreciate the hardship of the L2 student, data will be collected from thirty students at three consecutive levels of ability. Two approaches will be taken while analyzing the data in an attempt to prove two hypotheses.... Since one of two allomorphs pertaining to the past tense is possible, either [td] or [t or d], the English past tense exhibits a quasi-regularity (McClelland). These combined attributes create difficulties for the would-be English learner. To appreciate the hardship of the L2 student, data will be collected from thirty students at three consecutive levels of ability. Two approaches will be taken while analyzing the data in an attempt to prove two hypotheses. Problem Statement: Learning difficulties arising for L2 students can affect certain aspects of their lives. In the case of foreign students, attempts to integrate into a new country can be inhibited by linguistic difficulties. "knowing a language involves mastering an intricate system full of surprising regularities and idiosyncrasies." (Sag and Wasow, 2001) For people attempting to learn English as a second language, it can be embarrassing and often debilitating to incorrectly express tenses. In the workplace, people with English as a second language are often misjudged as unintelligent. Added to the difficulties most adults have with the correct acquisition of phonological sounds, (Escudero, 2005) the learning of English for Arabic speakers is quite a challenge. The confusion of past tenses was one of the major errors in tenses reported in a study of Arab learners of English at the University of Sudan (Kambal, 1980). Therefore, a study concerning the acquisition of English tenses by Arabic students can assist students with similar problems by determining the most effective solution. Hypotheses: There are two hypotheses which will be used to attempt an explanation of the difficulties that

Network Management Justification for Handmade Furniture Ltd

Network Management Justification for Handmade Furniture Ltd Based on the initial inspections carried out recently, Handmade Furniture Ltd has experienced difficulties managing the IT infrastructure as well as providing IT support for staff. The existing network management and support services are carried out in an uncontrolled procedures which have resulted in number of data losses and possible hacking attempts. This can lead to future compromises such as financial losses, disruption of services etc., which can tarnish companys reputation. This report includes the justifications of selecting network management plan for the company based on the current infrastructure and future implementations. The selection of the choice should consider multiple criteria which are costs, security and administrative controls as key points along with technical expertise.Report consists of terms of reference followed by justification for the selection of network management plan, elements of network management plan, options for improving IT support and recommendations.The suggested network management plan will be extended for the proposed network infrastructure and security upgrade project in near future. The scope of this report is to provide guidance on selecting an option for IT support by preparing a network management plan. The reports prepared for the reference of the Handmade Furniture Ltd board members. Report includes key elements of the network management plan and excludes technical details of design or configurations and product descriptions. Main sections are the elements of network management plan including fault management, configuration management, accounting management, performance management and security management. There will be several follow up reports after which include technical plan. This will be submitted after the IT staff have been hired. Overview It is suggested to have own IT support staff and completely manage and maintain IT support in-house for an agreed number of months. Once the IT operations are streamlined and new upgrades completed, IT support outsourcing option needs to be selected. As the Initial step, Handmade Furniture Ltd should identify the IT staffing needs. This should include identifying the job role, qualifications and experience level and the communication hierarchy. This step requires in-house human resource skills to recruit staff based on the recommended staffing needs. The option of selecting permanent IT staff or contract staff needs to be done carefully. The higher level positions need to be permanent whereas desktop support etc. can be on contract basis. Furthermore, the web development project needs to be outsourced as there is no need to have a permanent web developer in-house. Once the IT staff are available, next step is to assign job roles and duties to the staff. Along with the job roles, the immediate supervisors need to be listed. In addition to daily job role, IT team will have additional work to streamline the current network infrastructure and the operational procedures. Most important point is to have backup staff. Each IT job role needs to be backfilled with another staff member. There will be two sub plans included in the management plan. These are : 1. Plan to manage the network infrastructure restructuring. 2. Plan to maintain the new network operations and procedures. First sub plan will provide IT staff with adequate training to prepare for the upcoming network upgrades. Second sub plan is to use in-house IT staff for network management within the company. Justification of network management plan selection As opposed to IT support outsourcing, use of in-house IT staff has several advantages. Considering the existing network issues and incidents as well as operational procedures, company needs to have major changes. Subsequently this can result in backup/archiving companys data, changing passwords and creating user accounts etc.   The most important asset of the company is its data. Therefore, use of an outsourced party to handle companys data is not a recommended practice. (Vigeant, 2015). The upcoming project for network upgrades include implementing a WIFI system, upgrading all PCs   and   moving emails and systems   to cloud. These tasks require handling user accounts, data as well as security procedures . There will be high level of readiness for the future projects by establishing an in-house IT staff. One of the downside of the in-house IT staff is the operational cost when considering employed funds, claims and expenses. On the other hand, there is a big competition between the IT support companies offering attractive costs for maintaining networks. However most of these offers include limited number of support engineers compared to a team of staff available in house. The more support staff available in the outsource team more budget required. (Rossi, 2016) Another advantage is the efficiency of communication. With an in-house IT support team, there will be two levels of communication between staff and the manager or senior staff member. With an outsourced IT support team, there can be multiple levels of communication such as between managers/senior staff, senior level to junior level etc. A help desk is required to manage IT support requests handled by an outsourced IT team. At the current level, company should streamline the IT operations before implementing a help desk. Therefore, company is not in a good position to outsource IT operations. With the implementation of new proposed IT procedures such as cloud based email, etc. there can be more frequent support incidents as users are new to these applications. Assign to handle a large volume of incidents by an outsourced team can be expensive and inefficient without implementing a help desk. On the other hands, once new systems and network elements are in place, there can be an increase in IT support incidents. Therefore, having more IT support staff in house can be an extra cost. At this stage, best option is to outsource IT support. (Vigeant, 2015). One of the major decision point of the selection of in-house or outsourced solution is the size of the network. Generally a network with 50-100 PCs is consider as a small to medium business. It is not required to have a large IT support team as the supports requests can be handled in house. (Gluck, n.d.). Followings are the key benefits of outsourcing IT support (Editors, n.d.)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reduce labor cost  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can focus on key business  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Less training is needed as outsourced IT staff should have the required skills. IT Staff requirements Selecting skilled IT staff is essential for the successes of the management plan .There are no IT staff to train the new staff, So the new IT staff need to be able to work with minimum supervision and guidance. Following is an overview of the skills required. Role Skills/Qualifications Experience Comment Head of IT PM, Information security, Networking 10+ Years Optional ( If available in house) Senior network administrator Microsoft Windows server, Wireless networking, Cloud office 365 5+ Years Network administrators Microsoft Windows server/desktop, Wireless networking, Cloud office 365,cabling 3-5 years Desktop support Microsoft Windows desktop, Hardware, Wireless networking 1-2 Years Web Developer Web design/development skills 3-5 Years Needs to be outsourced Table 1: In-house IT staff requirements Job roles for IT staff This is important to define level of authority and responsibilities. At present, there are unrestricted controls between staff. Most important point is that no single person assigned responsibilities. Each task should have a backup person assigned. Security management -Install and configure central antivirus console This is required because currently the virus guards are installed as standalone in each PC. Monitoring of virus guards is not easy with this setup. It is not a good practice to assign users to monitor virus guards. Installation of new antivirus has to be done by the network administrators and the monitoring needs to be done on daily basis by the SNR network administrator. Also, a report on a given frequency can be submitted automatically to head of IT. (Safari, n.d.) Accounting Management -Configure a central backup plan User data for all the PCs has to backup automatically to a central storage. Existing NAS storage can be used for this. The important point is that data must be backed up automatically on a schedule. Two options available for this 1. Use backup software to backup files to NAS 2. Create folders for each user in server and the folders should backup to NAS storage. Also network segments need to be used (Ex Virtual Networks or VLANs) to provide access control, based on users and groups. Also, a directory service is required so that each user has their own user account and password. This helps to apply access controls to folders and files based on user ownership. Fault Management -Implement a help desk The existing and current IT support requests can be better handled by implementing a help desk. Help desk provides reporting and monitoring facilities for support requests. (Safari, n.d.)   Once company plans to outsource IT support,this help desk can be useful to manage the outsource team as well. However, since all the offices and users are in one location, having a help desk is not mandatory and the implementation is subjected to cost. Help desk has two options: 1. Develop a customized help desk (This needs to be outsourced). 2. Buy an off the shelf help desk product. Configuration management -Network and operational procedure documentation At present, there is no documentations about user accounts, configurations etc. This can cause critical issues especially in a crisis situation. As an element of the network management Plan, Company should start documenting all networks and IT related configurations, credentials etc. All changes have to be approved by head of IT and a sequence of version needs to be used. Documentations need to be stored as hard copies and soft copies in a secure place. (Safari, n.d.) Performance management Implement a network monitoring system There needs to be a network monitoring system (NMS) which provides network performance, speed, errors and alarms etc. in real time. This should have features to send alerts to administrators via SMS, generate reports etc.   One of the examples of a NMS is SOLARWINDS. (Solarwinds.com, n.d.)    Diagram 1-   Monitoring plan work percentage As shown in the diagram above overall management plan can be divided into 5 phases according to FCAPS model for network management. Out of these phases configuration management requires highest amount of time and effort followed by fault management.   The reason for this is that currently there is zero level of documentation. Also no standard fault management procedure is in use.   Performance management requires less effort as the network is currently in acceptable performance level. Under accounting management more work will need to be done in proposed future project as there is a need for a directory to manage user accounts via server. Two options for having in-house IT staff at the initial stage is either to hire permanent staff or hire contract staff. Company needs a senior level IT manager on permanent basis to manage in-house IT staff as well as any future outsourcing requirements.   Desktop support and junior network administrators can be hired on contract basis either on an hourly rate or a fixed cost. However, the IT manager should ensure that all work done is being documented in order to provide continuous support services. After the initial stages of the management plan there should be reviews to decide to go with an outsourced option or to continue in-house IT support. The website development and help desk implementation work needs to be outsourced. Having these resources in -house is an additional financial overhead.Two options to outsource IT support services are either to   outsourced engineers internally within the company or to request support as required using either on-call or remote support. The first option requires extra operational cost for space, electricity and power etc. However, this option is more recommended than the second option. Second option requires service level agreement (SLA) with strict terms on initial response time. Also, this option requires a help desk to be maintained to log incidents and manage response time. In terms of help desk a customized help desk is most suitable as most of the off the shelf packages have extra features which is not required and is adding extra cost. Also, most of the outsourced companies offer a help desk service, included in their services being offered. This can be considered as well. It is recommended to have in-house IT staff for the initial stages of the network management plan and for the duration of proposed new network upgrades.   Company has to take the decision of continuing with in-house IT staff or outsource IT support services at the end of the implementations. The decision might be based on cost, number of incidents, as well as other operational policies and procedures. Having an in-house senior level managerial position to provide overall management of the IT services is mandatory. At present, company has zero level of IT support. From this point up to the completion of network upgrades, continuous support service is required with extra effort involving outside of the office hours work as well. With an IT outsource team, this is not practical as there are agreed work time in an outsourced agreement. The extra hours might be charged separately with a higher rate. Use of FCAPS model for network management is recommended as the five areas of these models is essential for the management plan. Documentation plan is an important sub plan of the overall plan. Company needs to start from level zero in documentation. Documentation includes network configurations, user accounts and passwords, file permission for users, backup plan as well as hardware warranty and software license vendor details.It is expected to increase efficiency after implementing the help desk. Managing operational procedures through help desk saves time and cost. The final conclusion is that Handmade Furniture Ltd requires in-house IT staff at the initial stage of the network management plan. Further they should recruit a senior level person as the level of CIO and head of IT for overall IT management role. In addition to this, company should start documenting all IT related work, configurations and procedures. Editors, A. (n.d.). The Benefits of Outsourcing for Small Businesses | AllBusiness.com. [online] AllBusiness.com. Available at: https://www.allbusiness.com/the-benefits-of-outsourcing-for-small-businesses-2-1084-1.html [Accessed 27 Feb. 2017]. Gluck, S. (n.d.). Benefits Vs. Risks of Outsourcing IT Services. [online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-vs-risks-outsourcing-services-2504.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2017]. Phifer, L. (2003). WLAN security: Best practices for wireless network security. [online] http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/. Available at: . http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/WLAN-security-Best-practices-for-wireless-network-security [Accessed 26 Feb. 2017]. Rossi, B. (2016). In-house vs. outsourced IT: what makes the most business sense?. [online] Information Age. Available at: http://www.information-age.com/house-vs-outsourced-it-what-makes-most-business-sense-123461194/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2017]. Safari. (n.d.). Example of Adapting a Network Maintenance Model [Book]. [online] Available at: https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/ccnp-routing-and/9780133149906/ch01lev3sec14.html [Accessed 27 Feb. 2017]. Solarwinds.com. (n.d.). Network Management Software Network Tools | SolarWinds. [online] Available at: http://www.solarwinds.com/network-management-software [Accessed 27 Feb. 2017]. Vigeant, S. (2015). In-House vs. Outsourced IT Staffing: The Pros and Cons. [online] Dataev.com. Available at: http://www.dataev.com/it-experts-blog/in-house-vs.-outsourced-it-staffing-the-pros-and-cons [Accessed 25 Feb. 2017].