Piagets and Vygotskys explanation

Piagets and Vygotskys explanation In this essay I will be outlining the main differences and similarities between Piagets and Vygotskys explanation of cognitive development in children. Cognition is the study of the thought process or mental activity by which us individuals acquire and deal with knowledge. The study of the human cognition is a vast field and there are wide varieties of topics. The two most influential theories of cognitive development are from Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Each of their theory has key aspects of cognitive development across childhood. Firstly, according to Siegler (1998), Piagets theory of cognitive development is considered the most important to emerge from the study of human development, and the most controversial theory as well, according to Beilin (1992). Piagets observations of children provide a remarkable inside for what cognitive development is supposed to be like (Siegler, 1998). He provided answers to questions regarding intelligence and how one develops their knowledge. He believed that children develop in reaction to their environment, and the rewards and punishments it provides, Piaget argued that children actively explore their worlds, and their thoughts are ultimately derived from the actions of the world. Children according to him construct their reality as they manipulate and explore their world, cognitive structures which Piaget termed schemes. A scheme is an interrelated set of memories, thoughts, or strategies which are employed to predict and understand the environment. He believed that as children grow, they develop and refine their schemes. Central to Piagets theory are two biological concept, adaption and organization. Organization refers to an individuals tendency to organize their cognitive structures or schemes into efficient systems (Lutz and Sternberg, 1999). Organization can take place independent of any interaction with the environment. He believes that children naturally begin to link schemes together, creating more organized and interrelated cognitive system. For example, infants eventually begin to link together schemes developed for reaching, grasping and sucking objects, combining these into more complex structures that can be generalized to other situations and thus further their ability to negotiate the environment. Initially they cant combine these actions, but through the process of organization they become able to do so. This brings us to the concept of adaption. Adaption involves the creation of cognitive structure or schemes through our interactions with the environment. Adaption is achieved through assimilation or accommodation (Piaget, 1952). Assimilation is the process of integrating the environment into ones current psychological structures (Lutz and Sternberg, 1999). When the child assimilates something, they mould it to fit in with their existing structures. Accommodation is the opposite process, it occurs when old schemes are adjusted to fit better fit with the demands of the environment. For example, the infant sees an object lying on the floor; they can assimilate into her experience, applying her grasping scheme. The infant then encounters another object, a smaller one this time such as a plastic token, they are then forced to accommodate to the object, altering their grasp in order to be able to pick up the token. According to Piaget (1952) there are times when we are able to assimilate most new experiences, other times we are forced to accommodate and adapt our structures to the environment and thats when we enter into a state called cognitive disequilibrium, also k nown as, cognitive conflict. Both Piaget and Vygotsky believe that development started off with cognitive conflict. The process of equilibration, continual balance, leads to the development of more efficient cognitive structures (Lutz and Sternberg, 1999). Similarly Vygotsky developed his own theory of cognitive development in children. However, he made an emphasis on the cultural context in which human development occurs. Like Piaget, Vygotsky was strongly committed to the idea that children were active explorers of their world who tested their ideas against reality, seeking to expand their knowledge. It is said that Vygotsky compares a child to an apprentice, whereas Piaget compares them to a scientist. However, unlike Piaget, who viewed children essentially as solitary figures involved in the construction of knowledge, Vygotsky believed that the childs social environment was an active force in their development, working to mould childrens growing knowledge in ways that were adaptive to the wider culture in which they grow up. Vygotskys perspective on child development is referred to as the socio-cultural view because of his emphasis on the childs culture and the social environment as forces which shape development. Vygotsky was a st rong advocate for the developmental method, unlike Piaget, who concentrated on the origins of mental processes and the transformations which they have to undergo. Vygotsky was obstinate in his belief that an individuals cognitive development was largely a social process, and not an individualistic construction as Piaget believed. Also unlike Piaget, Vygotsky focused on interactions with parents, siblings, peers, and the wider culture, who were more highly skilled than the child. And he believed that through the interaction with the child and through the instruction and assistance they provided, the childs cognitive development would be promoted. He believed that learning begins as an inter-personal activity. Whereby, gradually the learner is able to perform independently. Also his theory included the scaffolding learning, where the support is provided by teacher on specific task. It allows the learner to perform at a higher level. At any given point in the learning process, there is a difference between the level achieved when assisted and when alone, also known as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The scaffolding learning of Vygotskys method is still being used in this century because all over primary schools, children are still being assisted; however when they progress unto a stage where they feel co mfortable in their ability, the teacher or individual with higher knowledge gradually withdraws support according to process. He also believed that children acquire tools invented by society to support thinking in children, also known as the cultural tools, for example calculators, books and computers. Similarly to Piaget, Vygotsky believed that childrens egocentric speech was a part of their cognitive development. However, the two have different perspectives on how they viewed the purpose of egocentric speech. Piagets Egocentric speech suggests that the childs self centred and unable to consider the point of view of others. Whereas, Vygotskys Egocentric speech is seen as a transition between the childrens learning language in a social communicative context and attempting to internalize it as a private inner thought. Alongside that Piaget developed stages of child development through clinical methods because he felt development precedes learning. The stages of cognitive development are, the sensori-motor period (0-2 years) where children achieve represential thought, the pre-operational period (2-7 years) childrens reasoning is often illogical, after is the concrete operational period (7-11 years), children are able to reason about current, concrete situations, lastly the formal op erations stage (11-15) where children can reason about hypothetical situations. Piaget believed that the pre-operational stage is a time during early childhood when children start to reason, build concepts, and lay the foundation for concrete operations. Operations are initialized sets of actions that allow the child to do mentally what was done physically before. (Santrock, 2003). Piaget believed that illogical reasoning was due to: Animism, lack of reversibility, Egocentrism and Centration. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky paid little attention to the role of the individual. He did not focus on the stages of development or the ages at which these might occur. However, like Piaget he did see the child as an active participant in learning rather than a passive recipient of information from other people. Both these theories share ideas about how a child starts to develop their cognitive skills. But they both understand it differently. The nature of Piagets investigations contrasts with the cultural-historical approach of Vygotskys research. Piaget is more concerned with the development of universal processes for the validation of knowledge, and Vygotsky is more focused on psycho-socio-historical genesis and its interpretations. Although these psychologists have received a lot of critics about which aspect of development they put more emphasis in, they have still contributed to our understanding of child cognitive development. It is only through their research and theory that others are able to progress onto finding out further details about how a childs mentality develops. Vygotsky and Piaget are often presented as opposites. However, a careful read of their theories reveals that they are not as dissimilar as they are presented to be (DeVries; Matusov Hayes, 2000).

Skinny Bitch: A Manual for Lifestyle Change

There are cuss words splashed throughout the book and the writer is very direct with her opinions. However, as the reader it was truly convincing and made me feel like I better get my butt up, throw out any meat and dairy in my kitchen, and get to the store and buy a case of tofu, ASAP. Because the diet Is vegan that means absolutely no meat, Including poultry, pork, and fish. Also no dairy, Including eggs, cheese, basically no animal by-products are allowed. There Is also a chapter on artificial sweeteners and processed food, which are not allowed In the diet either.The book tryingly suggest to quit smoking and cut back on alcohol, which I absolutely support; smoking is disgusting and large amounts of alcohol are unhealthy. The book is very captivating and educational. It educates the reader about more than Just what not to eat. It also goes deep into depth about what happens at slaughter houses and the mistreatment of farm animals in a way to both convince the reader to not eat mea t and to also explain that meat is not always a healthy choice, even chicken and eggs.The book explains the high amount of chemicals and hormones that are pumped into our farm animals and the effects they have on the unman body. For example on page 45, it reads, â€Å"Half of all the antibiotics made In the united States each year are administered to farm animals, causing antibiotic resistance In the humans who eat them†. That Is a pretty scary fact, there are many other scary facts littered throughout the book. The book also explains the Importance of exercise and how important it is to have a exercise regimen. Skinny Pitch† is not so much a diet book as much as it is a suggested manual for lifestyle change. If one is planning to follow the â€Å"Skinny Pitch† diet they need to legalize it is not temporary, becoming a vegan is not only a serious commitment but also a way of life. Grocery shopping, cooking at home, and eating out will all be effected by choosing a vegan lifestyle and if one has a family their eating habits might have to change as well. The â€Å"Skinny Pitch† diet is low in a few vitamins and minerals. Also low in saturated fat, 59% and sodium, 42%, which is a good thing.But also low In Vitamin D, 20% and Iron, 63%, which could cause a problem after a while, however I believe that the majority of Vitamin D Is acquired through natural sunlight. The diet provides over 100% DIR of protein, omega-6, dietary fiber, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Valetta 36, Foliate, vitamin C, vitamin A (REAL vitamin A (10), vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium. I feel the diet is different from the average individual's normal diet, American's let manly revolves around meat, wanly can make It extremely Doolittle to stay faithful to a non-meat, non-dairy diet.As mentioned above, it is a lifestyle change and a very intense personal decision. I believe that if one chooses to follow the â€Å"Skinny Pitch† diet they will most definitely lea rn new healthful ways to eat and if hey are used to eating the average American diet, one can definitely expect to keep weight off. However, if beginning the â€Å"Skinny Pitch† diet while already being mindful of what one eats I don't believe there would be a huge change in weight loss or gain.It is not necessarily a â€Å"low-fat† diet, rather it is a heaths eating lifestyle and even though the authors believe a true healthy diet does not contain meat or dairy that is not necessarily true. However, a decrease in meat and dairy consumption is a good choice for anyone who is trying to eat a more heart healthy diet. I believe that the â€Å"Skinny Pitch† diet could be a bit more expensive than average American diet. Purchasing soy over regular milk is more expensive. Finding soy and vegan products that taste good are indeed more expensive.On the other hand, if one is not purchasing large amounts of meat the costs may Just about equal out. I believe for the averag e American the â€Å"Skinny Pitch† diet would provide a calorie deficit, however for someone who is already mindful of their diet and includes a lot of fruits and vegetables in their diet, they may not see a large calorie deficit. Skinny Pitch† is not too low in calories. I believe the diet makes very reasonable claims regarding health and weight loss. It's simple: eat a healthy diet full of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and overall health will improve.The diet is straightforward and honest, fat will not drop and health will not improve until one commits too lifestyle change, not a â€Å"quick fix†. Yes, it absolutely has required restrictions to certain foods. All meat, dairy, and any food the includes any animal by-products. Any processed food and any food that contains artificial sweeteners are not allowed. The credentials are indeed sound, the two women that wrote the book are both former models, and Kim Barbarian has received her Masters of Science in Holistic Nutrition. All the reviews that I read of â€Å"Skinny Pitch† said pretty much of the same thing.The book is written in a very straightforward way that will not leave anyone wondering what are healthy food choices. The New York Times review states that the book has a large focus on animal rights, which it does indeed. The Times also agrees that the book has an attitude but is â€Å"crystal-clear† on what is Junk food vs.. A healthy choice. Health. Mom's review mentions that the book might â€Å"pray' on women with eating disorders and may â€Å"take more of a toll on your self-esteem than your waistline† but also agrees that the diet is low in calories and could result in weight loss.Goggle Books says â€Å"Skinny Pitch† explains healthy eating habits and a â€Å"lifestyle that promotes whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and encourages women to get excited about feeling â€Å"clean and pure and energize†. When compared to the materia l we have been studying in class this term, the book â€Å"Skinny Pitch† has a lot of similarities. The book describes healthy dating. It focuses on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which we have learned in class are all very healthy and the foods the average American needs to consume more regularly.I also like that the book explains how processed foods and refined sugars are not good for the human body, all lessons we have learned in class. Its also interesting that the book focuses on the treatment of animals and explains all the chemicals Tanat are Tea to ten animals, we nave talked auto Tanat In class as well. In only major difference between what we have learned in class and the book is that en can still have a healthy diet that includes meat and dairy, Just that moderation of the two are important to ensure a healthy heart and low cholesterol.I like this book and I believe that a vegan diet can be very healthy as long as one ensures that they are getting all the ne cessary vitamins and minerals. I have a very good friend who is vegan and she has managed to make some wonderful entrees and I always look forward to her dinner parties. She incorporates raw food as well which can be very tasty when prepared correctly. I would rate this diet as an 8. I live that it is healthy and I like how it's a lifestyle change, not Just a fad diet.Most fad diets do not work and weight is gained back within a year. I like how â€Å"Skinny Pitch† explains to the reader that there is no easy fix and that if one desires to be thin and healthy it takes determination and hard work, as with anything that is worth achieving. I would recommend this book to anyone that is interested in becoming a vegan. I would also recommend it to anyone who needs a wake up call in regards to their health and food choices and anyone who thinks that they can Jump on some crazy â€Å"diet wagon† and lose weight fast and easy.

Evaluate Motivation Theories Essay

Individuals join and work in organizations to fulfill their needs. They are paying attention to organizations that have the means of sustaining their needs. These means are called incentives of rewards; organizations use them to encourage individuals to contribute their efforts toward achieving organizational goals. The continued existence of an organization depends on its ability to interest and encourage individuals to accomplish these organizational and personal goals. Newman (2010), â€Å"Motivation is defined as goal-directed behavior. It concerns the level of effort one exerts in pursuing a goal. Managers are concerned with this concept because it is closely related to employee satisfaction and job performance† (Para. The Concept of Motivation). There are 2 main concepts of theories Maslow’s and Herzberg. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory divides human needs into five levels; self-actualization, esteem, social, safety and physiological needs. Physiological nee ds are the basic human needs including food, clothing, shelter and other necessities of life. Once these are satisfied they no longer motivate the individual. Safety needs include economic security, protection from physical danger. Social needs are love, affection, emotional needs, warmth and friendship. Esteem can be self-esteem, self-respect, self-confidence and recognition. Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and presumably motivation) were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. Herzberg called it hygiene factors, using the term â€Å"hygiene† in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction. Company policy, supervision, relationship with boss, work conditions, salary and relationship are the leading in dissatisfaction. Achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth are the leading to satisfaction. The effectiveness of the application of these theories can be measured with observations of employee job satisfaction. Managers can evaluate satisfaction through employee surveys or by observing workers. References: Newman, M. (2010). Motivation. Retrieved from http://business.ezine9.com/motivation-149b57b275.html

Definition and Examples of Existential Sentences in English

Dr. King s Letter From Birmingham Jail - 1342 Words

Dr. King Lays the Clergymen’s Anxiety to Rest Dr. Martin Luther King addressed many topics in, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. He answered all the issues that were aimed towards him in a very skillful and well thought out manner. These issues came from, â€Å"A Call For Unity†, which was a letter that was published by eight local clergymen expressing their feelings about what Dr. King was doing. One concern in particular that King did an outstanding job of confronting was that of the clergymen’s anxiety about him breaking the law. King addresses the question of, â€Å"How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?† by clarifying that there are just and unjust laws. He also goes on to explain the difference between the two, the effect of unjust laws on the people that they are aimed towards, as well as examples of such laws. Furthermore, he explains why they should be broken and gives examples of when they’ve been broken in the past with the usage of civil disobedience. First, Dr. King clears up any idea that he’s just someone who has broken the law for no reason. He does this by saying; â€Å"I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.† (Para 15) This statement tells us that Dr. King is simply adhering to his moral responsibility by doing as he’s supposed to. He knows that following a law that is not fair makes no sense, and itShow MoreRelatedDr. King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1667 Words   |  7 Pagesyear of 1963, when racial discrimination was evident in the community, Dr. King delivered two of his most noted works called the â€Å"I have a Dream† speech and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† to the public. These two pieces, quickly following each other in succession, were literary works of Dr. King devoted to the cause of racial equality and used eclectic devices and a ppeals to achieve that goal. King’s purpose bolstered in his â€Å"Letter† and â€Å"Dream† speech by key rhetorical devices are supported by audienceRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1428 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 16, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote what has become known as the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† A long document, it was addressed to Birmingham’s local clergymen because they had been critical of his work and ideas. Dr. King believed their criticism was in good faith, and pointed out that he was in Birmingham because he had been invited by the local affiliate of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, showing the religious commonalities between himself and the clergymen. HoweverRead MoreAntigone And Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1233 Words   |  5 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jailâ⠂¬ , Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way toRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreAn Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Letter from a Birmingham Jail was written by Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. in April of 1963, as he sat, as the title states, in a Birmingham, Alabama jail. King had been jailed for his participation in a peaceful protest of segregation in public places such as lunch counters and public restrooms (Berkley, 2003). While jailed, King read a criticism of the protest by a group of white ministers, who felt such demonstrations â€Å"directed and in part led by outsiders† were â€Å"unwise and untimely†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.976 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. wrote numerous speeches in efforts to inspire the idea of non-violent protesting in hopes of eventually reaching racial equality. Under what conditions can a man with seemingly no connection to a local community step in and assume the mantle of leadership as a spokesman for a segment of that community’s population? In all of the speeches, one way or another , Dr. King used several different rhetorical devices in order to defend his own actions. In specific, two of his speechesRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis1617 Words   |  7 Pages1960’s faced solely due to the melanin in their skin (King 2). Among these African Americans was the reverend, doctor, humanist, husband, and Civil Rights activist, Mr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King was a middle class, black man with a life-long devotion of implementing ethnic equality to African Americans nationwide. Following one of Rev. King’s peaceful protests in Birmingham, Alabama, he was jailed on accounts of â€Å"parading without a permit† (King 3). While in jail, Martin Luther King, JrRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail972 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Letter from a Birmingham Jail Racism is part of America’s history. Historical leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. brought the Injustice problems to the light. King, Jr. â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail confronts racism in the United States of America through his response letter to the clergymen criticism, while he is in jail due to holding a protest in Birmingham, Alabama. King, Jr. wrote â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† to defend the non-violent protest. He claims that the protestRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents were part of

The Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant - 2809 Words

Over the past few years the world has witnessed the rapid emergence of one of the most dangerous and violent terrorist organizations in history. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, better known as ISIL or ISIS and formerly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq, is an Islamic extremist group that has caught the attention of the world because of the swift and ferocious way that the group has been able to seize large portions of Iraq and Syria. ISIS has displayed such brutality in its attacks, with mass executions, beheadings, and crucifixions becoming the norm, that even Osama bin Laden, the now deceased founder of the infamous militant Islamic organization, al-Qaeda, eventually chose to dissociate from them (Saletan, 2014). Although the Middle East is no stranger to religious extremism and political unrest, the ferocity and speed at which ISIS was able to gain control is unprecedented. As the atrocities of the group’s rampage through Iraq and Syria came to light, the world was left s cratching its head wondering how ISIS was so quickly able to gain power and control over such a large territory. The answer lies in a look back at the poor decisions made by the Bush Administration after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It was the desire of the United States to withdraw from Iraq too quickly, their appointment of inept leadership, and a series of careless decisions that allowed ISIS to take advantage of an unstable government left behind by the United States after the Iraq War. On MarchShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1656 Words   |  7 Pagesterrible acts since then. ISIS was originally an al-Qaida group in Iraq and was known as the ISI (Islamic State of Iraq). It later expanded to Syria in April of 2013 and then received the name of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), with another name for the group being the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIS was removed from the al-Qaida group because they were too extreme for them. â€Å"The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) is so hardline that it was disavowed by al-Qaida s leaderRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1894 Words   |  8 Pagesoldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.† Choosing the topic of ISIS/ISIL, which are the Islamic State of Iraq Syria / the Islamic State of Iraq the Levant, was an easy choice because in truth, I know very little about the terrorist groups within these Islamic States. I, along with seventy percent of Americans, fear the rise of the IS and would consider them the number one threat to American interests (Telhami). Through furtherRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1782 Words   |  8 PagesIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Terrorism, what is it and is this a new phenomenon? No, terrorism is not a new 21st century issue. Terrorism actually dates back to biblical times and has haunted nations and their citizens much like it has here in the United States of America. The history of terrorism is as old as humans willingness to use violence to affect politics. The Sicarii were a first century Jewish group who murdered enemies and collaborators in their campaign to oust their RomanRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1439 Words   |  6 PagesISIS is known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and was formed in 1999 by member Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. ISIS was originally from al-Qaeda, another terrorist group, but this group mainly was a small insurgent group in Iraq in 2006 and would help assist in the Syrian Civil War in 2013. They took Iraq in October 2006, then Levant in April 8, 2013; however, they would then be separated from al-Qaeda because of the war between ISIS and Jabhat al Nus ra. In 2015, ISIS would then be considered asRead MoreAn Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant851 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the Isalamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Its goal is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. ISIS is notoriously known for holding public executions and committing large-scale attacks to capture and maintain conquered territory. The leader is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, but little is known about him. However, it is known that before he joined Al Qaeda in Iraq, he had formed a militant group in Salaheddin and Diyala provinces north of the Iraq capital. Al-Baghdadi wantedRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1714 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Despite anti-terrorism efforts, known terror groups continue to conduct terror attacks globally. Of the known terrorist organizations that are listed by the U.S. Department of State, the one most likely to conduct an attack in the United States would be the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and Islamic State (IS) otherwise known as ISIS. Due to the complex capabilities of ISIS ideology, leadership, and distinct global threat; ISIS has become the greatest known threat to the U.S. HomelandRead MoreThe Group Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant927 Words   |  4 PagesThe group Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) is a jihadist group predominantly active in the Middle Eastern countries of Iraq and Syria. In addition, the (ISIL) group is also attempting to gain authority over other countries in the neighboring region of Turkey, Jordan, Israel, and Iran. The Islamic State of Iraq and Levant’s expansion is fueled by political aspirations legitimized through fundamentalist Sunni views of religion. They claim that they are a religious movement that will establishRead MoreInformative Essay : Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant1131 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Essay on Islamic State Introduction Islamic state of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) also rendered as Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also known as the Arabic phrase Da’esh and self-described as Islamic State was formed in April 2003 but was established in 2006, growing out of al- Qaeda in Iraq. It has since been abjured by al- Qaeda. Isis has a treasury of 2 billion making it the richest terrorist organization also it has become one of the main jihadist groups fighting government forcesRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And The Levant Red Cell Analysis1685 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Red Cell Analysis The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has single handedly furthered the evolution of terrorism. This is a new type of terrorism that is not easily defined or visible. The Islamic States new form of terrorism has developed social unrest across the world and has undoubtedly inspired a new generation of extreme Islamic sympathizers to join the their cause and fight to accomplish their agenda of cultural cleansing. In order to repel the IslamicRead MoreAre We At War With Terrorists?833 Words   |  4 Pages Are we at war with terrorists? What about the â€Å"Global War on Terrorism†? That sure was a catch phrase in the early 2000s. Don’t we currently have troops in Iraq and Syria? Aren’t we at war with ISIL? All of the answers to these questions are very complicated. We are not currently, legally, at war with ISIL. But why aren’t we? I thought we were dropping tens of thousands of bombs on Raqqa? On September 18th, 2001, Congress enacted the â€Å"AUMF†, Authorization for the use of Military Force.

Behind Management In Enterprise Business -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Behind Management In Enterprise Business? Answer: Introduction Logistics is a challenging field where key considerations have to be made in order to achieve the best results and meet objectives, especially in aid related logistics, usually in developing nations where transport and communications systems, and general systems are not efficient compared to the developed World (Ivanov, Tsipoulanidis and Scho?nberger, 2016). In this paper, a case of DAP fertilizer procurement and delivery in Kenya and Rwanda regions for the 2018 seasons is being analyzed. The goal is to deliver 2100 metric tons to Rwanda by January 7 2018 and 3500 metric tons to Kenya by December 15 2017. All fertilizers are packaged in 50 kg bags. The objective is to make a price comparison between prospective suppliers as well as their payment terms and marketing a clear recommendation on the best supplier to use. Another objective is to create a suitable schedule (weekly) of activities for the project in the context of the procurement and delivery of the fertilizer. The other obje ctive is to develop a table of Key Performance Indicators to use for evaluating the performance of the team in handling the project. Price Comparison One of the goals of logistics management is to ensure value for money, where effort is made to get the best prices at the most suitable terms of payment (Christopher, 2016). This requires soliciting price quotations from different suppliers and then comparing the prices per unit, taking into consideration other factors such as availability, transportation costs, and warehousing costs as well as factors such as taxes (Song and Panayides, 2012). A detailed valuation of the provided quotations are shown in the table below; Supplier Port (Ex) Packaging Unit Price in $ Upfront Balance Cost Period 1: Saudi Msa 50 kg bags 650 25% 75% 5% 120 25 kg bags 665 25% 75% 5% 120 Dar 50 kg bags 660 25% 75% 5% 120 25 kg bags 675 25% 75% 5% 120 2: Saudi Msa 50 kg bags 640 25% 75% 3% 120 25 kg bags 658 25% 75% 3% 120 Dar 50 kg bags 665 25% 75% 3% 120 25 kg bags 683 25% 75% 3% 120 3: Saudi Msa 50 kg bags 647 25% 75% 3% 30 25 kg bags 662 25% 75% 3% 30 Dar 50 kg bags 657 25% 75% 3% 30 25 kg bags 672 25% 75% 3% 30 4: Saudi, China, Russ Msa 50 kg bags 670 25% 75% 7% 90 Dar 50 kg bags 690 25% 75% 7% 90 Reviewing the information and evaluating the possible costs from the four different suppliers and the terms offered, the most suitable supplier that would give the lowest costs compared to the rest is the Supplier number 1 (shaded green above) from Saudi Arabia. This supplier will deliver to Mombasa at $ 18200 (upfront payment) and $ 54605.6 as the balance payment. The balance payment is given with 5% as cost of credit payable over 120 days. While it would make sense to use Supplier Number 3 because procuring from them gives the lowest overall costs; the upfront payment for the consignment would be $ 17920 ex-Mombasa while the 75% payments would total $ 53763.36 x-Mombasa, they have bad history. They have not responded to RFQs in the past and look at the organization as a competitor. Supplier one, despite being new, has good references and would be suitable for a long term partnership as partnerships are essential in logistics. Further, the Mombasa port would be the most suitable bec ause there is a direct route to the warehouses in Western Kenya (Bungoma) which is 898 km and to Kigali City, Rwanda, which 1498 km. From the Dar es Salaam port, the distance to Rwanda is 1431 km while to Bungoma, the distance is 1233 km. The best solution is to have the Kenyan shipment offloaded at the Mombasa port where the total costs including transportation would be $ 335305.60. The Rwanda shipment should b offloaded at Dar es Salaam port and transported by road to Kigali as the total cost would be $ 388925.6 . if the same consignment was taken through Mombasa via Kenya to Kigali, it would cost an additional $ 30380. Further, while delivery to Dar es Salaam would cost a little more, the total cost is just $ 1120. This is far less than the extra $ 30380 that would be incurred using the port of Mombasa. Further, the most economics packaging for the fertilizer is in 50 kg bags because they have the lowest associated costs and would reduce the transportation charges to the respective warehouses, given that the 25 kg bag packages would require additional space and hence lead to increased costs for transportation. Further, the supplier is giving a long period for the payments (of 120 days) and a lower extra costs for t he credit period of just 3% extra. The goal of procurement and getting quotations from various different suppliers is to ensure the best quality product, delivered on time, and at the most competitive cost (in this case the lowest cost), while having the best payment terms (in this case a longer credit period). So the the chosen supplier is Supplier Number 2, from Saudi Arabia Project Schedule The schedule of activities will take into account the request for proposals from the prospective suppliers, the shipping period, the loading and clearing period for the consignment, as well as transportation and storage, and delivery to the respective warehouses. This will require the use of project management methodologies and scheduling based on approximations (Goulden, 2017), (Gurjar, 2016). The schedule of activities is therefore shown in the table below; Activity Task Description Duration 1 Initiation Initiation of the project and setting the goals and objectives for the task One Week 2 Request for offers Request potential suppliers to send in their quotations and terms One week 3 Evaluate quotation Evaluate the given quotations to select the best one and send Purchase order. Also review the best routes to use for transportation One Week 4 Route plan and budget Determine the best route to use by making the necessary calculations and determining the distances as well as the transport costs associated. This takes into account the packaging used and the means for transportation One Week 5 Payment Make the first payments for the consignment One Week 6 Negotiate transportation Determine the transporter to use (whether single or many) and the costs of transportation based on the selected routes One Week 7 Prepare the warehouses and source for any staff that may be needed Have the warehouses ready to receive the goods and source for any staff needed for the entire project Three weeks 8 Nominate agents Nominate a logistics company / agent to handle import and clearance One week 9 Documentation Prepare the necessary documentation, including the Import Declaration Document based on sent proforma Invoice and local regulations One Week 10 Delivery Receive the consignment at the port of Mombasa and do an inspection to ensure the consignment meets KEBS standards and that there are no damages. Two Weeks (Note that shipping takes on average 11 days form Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Mombasa) and clearing another four to seven days 11 Delivery Receiving consignment at Dar es Salaam port Two and a half Weeks 12 Loading Loading of fertilizer into trucks Three weeks (total) 13 Transportation Transportation of fertilizer to the respective warehouses Four weeks The transportation of the fertilizer to the respective warehouses will take a total of four weeks to complete, operating at maximum efficiency. This is because it takes one hour to fill one 35 metric tonne truck at the port. The transportation time from Mombasa to Bungoma, operating non stop and taking into account average traffic conditions will take at least 16.5 hours, so the total average time to deliver the fertilizer to Mombasa for every truck is about 24 hours, taking into account loading and offloading times. The transportation time to Kigali Rwanda will take 25 hours, taking into account loading and offloading time, the total average time is 31 hours, through Tanzania. The transportation time also takes into account how much can be transported by road by a single truck: the Kenyan laws place a maximum limit of 35 metric tons for every 40 foot truck carrier with three axles drawn by a three axle prime mover that does not exceed 18 metric tons as its tare weight. In this case, the number of trips (trucks) needed to transport fertilizer to Bungoma are 100 and to Kigali are 60 trucks. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) KPIs are values that are measurable that demonstrate the achievement of key business objectives. KPIs are used by organizations to analyze their success (or failure) in attaining some set targets. For the logistics sector, there are various cross functional KPIs that determine performance. One of the most important KPIs in this project is transportation that includes shipping and road transport, handling (loading and offloading), and warehousing. Another KPI that is of importance is procurement, in the context of procurement costs and timely delivery (Coyle at al., 2017). For transportation, the KPI is timely delivery of the consignment. The on time final delivery is a KPI that shows the ability of the consignment carrier to deliver the consignment n time successfully. This delivery is to the scheduled date of arrival and at the appointed time and location. An accurate delivery time is critical for success of the project, given the seasonal nature of fertilizer use and the required t imes for both Rwanda and Kenya. The desired success rate is stated in the table below. Cost per unit weight is another important transportation metric. The quotes show delivery ex Mombasa. The consignment has to undergo clearance, loading and, transportation to the destination. The gross net and total weight to be moved must be measured for each week and is important in ensuring the costs are kept low while delivery targets are achieved. Another important KPI is warehousing and in this case, there are four KPIs namely: accuracy of inventory, dock to stock, on time shipping, and order accuracy. Inventory Accuracy: This is a measure of of workers in the warehouse when preparing products. The desire is a high accuracy to nursing the right products reach the right customers. In this case, the product is homogeneous so 100% accuracy is desired and achievable. Dock-t-Stock: Tis is a measure of the cycle time from the commencement of a receipt to the time when it is put away. This KPI is important for measuring inbound activity efficiencies to ensure availability when required On-Time Shipping: This depends on the supplier but is a metric to show percentage shipments leaving the warehouse on time. It also shows percentage arriving at the warehouses on time order accuracy: A KPI that shows order accuracy; this again should be 100 percent given the product is homogeneous. References Christopher, M. (2016). Marketing logistics. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge, p.144. Coyle, J., Langley, C., Novack, R. and Gibson, B. (2017).Supply chain management. Boston, Mass: Cengage Learning. Goulden, D. (2017).How to Manage the Logistics Behind Project Management in Enterprise Business - Clarizen. [online] Clarizen. Available at: https://www.clarizen.com/manage-logistics-behind-project-management-in-enterprise-business/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Gurjar, N. (2016).A forward looking approach to project management : tools, trends, and the impact of disruptive technologies. London: Springer. Ivanov, D., Tsipoulanidis, A. and Scho?nberger, J. (2016).Global supply chain and operations management. New York: Springer, pp.25 -26. Song, D. and Panayides, P. (2012).Maritime logistics. Bingley: Emerald